Journal Article

Calculation, Measurement and Validation for Estimating the Biomass of the Biofilm on Microcarriers

Kloknicer, Tamás, Sándor, Dániel Benjámin, Sárfi, Gergő Bálint, Szabó, Anita

2026

Overview

Traditional carriers play a major role in wastewater treatment worldwide due to their reliability, ease of production, well-established analytical methods, and strong treatment performance. Recent studies indicate that polyvinyl-alcohol-based microcarriers may surpass conventional media, as their smaller size, higher porosity, and increased specific surface area enable them to retain substantially more biomass within reactors. However, their practical application remains limited because fewer analytical methods and studies exist for these materials, largely due to their small dimensions and heat sensitivity, and their behaviour under industrial conditions—including their kinetics—has yet to be fully characterised and validated. This study aims to address these gaps by reviewing existing biomass measurement standards and highlighting their limitations when applied to microcarriers and by proposing alternative experimental approaches better suited for evaluating biomass on such sensitive yet high-capacity carriers. We present a set of experimental methods (still subject to further refinement) that demonstrate reliable performance with these materials, and to validate our approach, we quantified biomass in both in vitro systems and containerised-scale technologies, reaching up to 14 kg/m3 during winter and 8.7 kg/m3 in spring. Laboratory-scale experiments showed that both heterotrophic and autotrophic cultures can achieve high biomass levels of up to 21 kg/m3 and 16 kg/m3, respectively. Heterotrophs exhibited lower growth inhibition under shear stress, while autotrophs displayed a distinct shear-force niche around 0.09 µN within the reactor.

• Publisher: MDPI AG
• Subject: Autotrophs / Biofilms / Biomass / biomass calculation / biomass measurement / Contrast agents / Dyes / Geometry / Heterotrophs / High density polyethylenes / intensified wastewater treatment / Light / Magnetic resonance imaging / Measurement techniques / Methods / Microorganisms / Polyvinyl alcohol / PVA-based microcarriers / Scanning electron microscopy / Shear stress / Stains & staining / Tomography / Toxicity / Wastewater treatment