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Middle-range theory
Middle-range theory
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Middle-range theory
Journal Article

Middle-range theory

2020
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Overview
Philosophers of science have had little to say about 'middle-range theory' although much of what is done in science and of what drives its successes falls under that label. These lectures aim to spark an interest in the topic and to lay groundwork for further research on it. 'Middle' in 'middle range' is with respect to the level both of abstraction and generality. Much middle-range theory is about things that come under the label 'mechanism'. The lectures explore three different kinds of mechanism: structural mechanisms or underlying systems that afford causal pathways; causal-chain mechanisms that are represented in what in policy contexts are called 'theories of change' and for which I give an extended account following the causal process theory of Wesley Salmon; and middle-range-law mechanisms like those discussed by Jon Elster, which I claim are —and rightly are— rampant throughout the social sciences. The theory of the democratic peace, that democracies do not go to war with democracies, serves as a running example. The discussions build up to the start of, first, an argument that reliability in social (and natural) science depends not so much on evidence as it does on the support of a virtuous tangle of practices (without which there couldn't even be evidence), and second, a defence of a community-practice centred instrumentalist understanding of many of the central basic principles that we use (often successfully) in social (and in natural) science for explanation, prediction and evaluation. Los filósofos de la ciencia han tenido poco que decir acerca de la \"teoría de rango medio\", aunque gran parte de lo que se hace en la ciencia y de lo que impulsa sus éxitos cae bajo esa etiqueta. Estas conferencias tienen como objetivo despertar el interés en el tema y sentar las bases para la ulterior investigación al respecto. \"Medio\" en \"rango medio\" hace referencia al nivel de abstracción y generalidad. Gran parte de la teoría de rango medio trata sobre cosas que caen bajo la etiqueta de \"mecanismo\". Las conferencias exploran tres tipos diferentes de mecanismos: mecanismos estructurales o sistemas subyacentes que permiten vías causales; mecanismos de cadena causal que están representados en lo que en contextos de política se denominan \"teorías de cambio\" y sobre los cuales doy una explicación extensa siguiendo la teoría del proceso causal de Wesley Salmon; y mecanismos de ley de rango medio como los discutidos por Jon Elster, que afirmo son, y con razón son, rampantes en todas las ciencias sociales. La teoría de la paz democrática, que las democracias no van a la guerra con las democracias, sirve como un ejemplo en funcionamiento. Las discusiones se desarrollan hasta el comienzo de, primero, un argumento según el que la confiabilidad en las ciencias sociales (y naturales) no depende tanto de la evidencia como del apoyo de una maraña virtuosa de prácticas (sin las cuales ni siquiera podría haber evidencia), y en segundo lugar, una defensa de una comprensión instrumentalista, centrada en la práctica comunitaria, de muchos de los principios básicos centrales que usamos (a menudo con éxito) en ciencias sociales (y naturales) para explicar, predecir y evaluar.