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On the occurrence of the neogregarine Apicystis bombi (Apicomplexa) in South America: an unassembled puzzle
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On the occurrence of the neogregarine Apicystis bombi (Apicomplexa) in South America: an unassembled puzzle
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Journal Article
On the occurrence of the neogregarine Apicystis bombi (Apicomplexa) in South America: an unassembled puzzle
2024
Overview
Worldwide declines in critical hymenopteran pollinators, such as bumble bees and honey bees, in recent decades have sparked a surge in research aimed at identifying the factors behind these declines. Among the suspected contributors, infectious diseases have garnered significant attention. In this context, we conduct a comprehensive review of the potential impact of naturalized Palearctic exotic bumble bee species, specifically
Bombus terrestris
and
Bombus ruderatus
, on the occurrence of
Apicystis bombi
in southern South America.
Apicystis bombi
is a unique apicomplexan protist that belongs to the neogregarines, which as a group exhibit relatively high virulence towards a range of insects. Our review encompasses the available information on its morphology, molecular characteristics, pathology, host range, and geographic distribution. Additionally, we explore three plausible hypotheses, each not necessarily exclusive of the others, in an effort to shed light on the occurrence of
A. bombi
in South America. These hypotheses include the two classically accepted, but less supported in view of current data (entry via
B. terrestris
, entry via
B. ruderatus
), and one postulated for the first time here with arguably better support (pre-existing presence before the introduction of
B. terrestris
and
B. ruderatus
, plus the possibility of multiple
Apicystis
species coexisting). We aim for this review to stimulate interest in this relatively obscure parasitic microbe that affects crucial insect pollinators.
