Journal Article

Levels of monochloropropane-diol and glycidyl esters in heated palm oil and assessment of their risk in the animal model

Al-Saman, Mahmoud A., Elsanhoty, Rafaat M., Ebrahim, Hafsa Nour El-Din Abd El-Kader, Keshk, Mofida A. Salam, Kandiil, Asmaa, El-Hadary, Abdalla E., Ramadan, Mohamed Fawzy

2024

Overview

3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD-Es) , 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol esters (2-MCPD-Es), and glycidyl esters (G-Es) are heat-induced pollutants that formed during the vegetable oil refining process. The current study investigated the effects of heated palm oil containing measured amounts of MCPD-Es and G-Es on rats' lipid profile, liver and kidney functions. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 3-MCPD-Es, 2-MCPD-Es, and G-Es concentrations in heated palm oil were determined at various intervals. Forty healthy male Sprague–Dawley rats (200–250 g) were divided into four groups (I to IV). Group I was fed a regular diet (negative control). Groups II, III and IV were fed a regular diet fortified with 15% (w/w) of unheated palm oil, palm oil heated at 200 °C for 15 min, and palm oil heated at 200 °C for 30 min, respectively, for 8 weeks. The rats were fed an ordinary diet with nutritional pellets and given water ad libitum. The animal groups were sacrificed, blood samples taken, and the tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The results showed that 3-MCPD-Es, 2-MCPD-Es and G-Es in heated palm oil were 5.4, 3.3 and 2.1 mg kg −1 oil, respectively, and formed at the mildest tested conditions (200 °C, 30 min). Palm oil heated at 200 °C for 30 min increased liver enzymes (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase), serum kidney functions (uric acid, urea, and creatinine) and lipid profile (plasma cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and VLDL-cholesterol) while decreasing HDL-cholesterol compared to rats fed a regular diet. Histological changes occurred in the liver and kidney of rats. It could be concluded that levels of MCPD-Es and G-Es in heated palm oil may pose a potential risk to the health of consumers and need to be constantly monitored.

• Publisher: Springer US,Springer Nature B.V
• Subject: Alanine / Alanine transaminase / Alkaline phosphatase / alpha-chlorohydrin / Animal models / animals / Aspartate transaminase / blood serum / Chemistry / Chemistry and Materials Science / Chemistry/Food Science / Cholesterol / Creatinine / Diet / Engineering / eosin / Esters / Food Science / Gas chromatography / gas chromatography-mass spectrometry / Glycidyl esters / High density lipoprotein / high density lipoprotein cholesterol / histology / Kidneys / lipid composition / Lipids / Lipoproteins (very low density) / Liver / Low density lipoprotein / low density lipoprotein cholesterol / males / Mass spectrometry / Mass spectroscopy / Original Paper / Palm oil / palm oils / Petroleum refining / risk / Triglycerides / Urea / Uric acid / vegetable oil / Vegetable oils