Journal Article

Early microglial and astrocyte reactivity in preclinical Alzheimer's disease

Martínez‐Dubarbie, Francisco, Lage, Carmen, Fernández‐Matarrubia, Marta, Zetterberg, Henrik, Rodríguez‐Rodríguez, Eloy, López‐García, Sara, Bravo, María, López‐Hoyos, Marcos, Valera‐Barrero, Andrea, Sánchez‐Juan, Pascual, Molfetta, Guglielmo Di, Pozueta‐Cantudo, Ana, Aguilella, Marcos, García‐Martínez, María, Corrales‐Pardo, Andrea, Blennow, Kaj, Renuncio‐García, Mónica, Ocejo‐Vinyals, J Gonzalo, Irure‐Ventura, Juan, Ashton, Nicholas J

2025

Overview

INTRODUCTION The role of neuroinflammation in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. METHODS We assessed changes in microglial and astrocytic biomarkers in a well‐characterized cohort of 211 cognitively unimpaired individuals. Structural equation modeling was used to simultaneously assess all relationships among microglial and astrocytic responses and AD pathological events. RESULTS Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) were increased in preclinical AD. Plasma GFAP showed an inverse bidirectional relationship with CSF amyloid beta (Aβ)42/40. CSF sTREM2 directly influenced CSF phosphorylated tau‐181 (p‐tau181) and neurogranin, and correlated with CSF S100 calcium‐binding protein beta (S100β). CSF chitinase‐3‐like protein 1 (YKL‐40) mediated the association between CSF p‐tau181 and total tau (t‐tau), whereas CSF S100β and neurofilament light showed mutual influence. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that microglial and astrocyte reactivity, measured through fluid biomarkers, occur early and impact the amyloid cascade on the preclinical Alzheimer´s continuum. Specifically, GFAP influences amyloid accumulation, sTREM2 promotes tau pathology, and YKL‐40 and S100β contribute to the progression of downstream neurodegenerative changes. Highlights Preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) showed increased levels of plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) compared to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in healthy subjects. Higher plasma GFAP levels was directly associated with lower CSF amyloid beta (Aβ)42/Aβ40. Higher CSF sTREM2 concentrations increased CSF phosphorylated tau‐181. Chitinase‐3‐like protein 1 (YKL‐40) mediated tau‐induced neurodegeneration. S100 calcium‐binding protein beta (S100β) was directly linked to higher neurofilament light (NfL) and showed a mutual relationship with sTREM2.

• Subject: Aged / Alzheimer Disease - cerebrospinal fluid / Alzheimer Disease - metabolism / Alzheimer Disease - pathology / Amyloid beta-Peptides - cerebrospinal fluid / astrocyte / Astrocytes - metabolism / Astrocytes - pathology / biomarkers / Biomarkers - blood / Biomarkers - cerebrospinal fluid / Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1 - cerebrospinal fluid / chitinase‐3‐like protein 1 (YKL‐40) / Female / glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) / Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein - blood / Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein - cerebrospinal fluid / Humans / Male / Membrane Glycoproteins - cerebrospinal fluid / microglia / Microglia - metabolism / Microglia - pathology / Neurosciences / Neurovetenskaper / preclinical Alzheimers disease / preclinical Alzheimer´s disease / Receptors, Immunologic / S-100 calcium-binding protein beta (S100 beta) / S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit - cerebrospinal fluid / soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2) / structural equation modeling / S‐100 calcium‐binding protein beta (S100β) / tau Proteins - cerebrospinal fluid