Journal Article

Oxidative Pyrolysis of Typical Volatile Model Compounds Under Low Oxygen Equivalence Ratios During Oxidative Pyrolysis of Biomass

Xie, Xing, Liu, Dongjing, Wang, Liying, Lin, Dan, Li, Bin, Zhang, Shihong

2025

Overview

This study aims to investigate the oxidative pyrolysis of biomass volatiles with a particular focus on the formation of liquid products. Furfural, hydroxyacetone, and 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde were chosen as volatile model compounds. The impacts of the oxygen equivalence ratio (ER, 0–15%) and temperature (400–500 °C) on the product composition and distribution were examined using a two-stage quartz-tube reactor. The results showed that volatile pyrolysis was limited at the lower temperature of 400 °C even with oxygen introduction, while it could be significantly promoted at 500 °C as illustrated by the observed great decrease in the GC-MS peak areas of the volatile compounds especially under an oxidative atmosphere. For instance, the peak area of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde at 500 °C under an ER of 4% was only ~9% of that at 400 °C. Oxygen introduction enhanced the volatile decomposition with the formation of mainly permanent gases (although not given in the study) rather than liquid products, but distinct impacts were obtained for varied volatile compounds possibly due to their different chemical structures and autoignition temperatures. From the perspective of liquid product formation, furfural would undergo the cleavage of C-C/C-O bonds to form linear intermediates and subsequent aromatization to generate aromatics (benzene and benzofuran). The presence of oxygen could enhance the oxidative destruction of the C-C/C-O bonds and the removal of O from the molecules to form simple aromatics such as benzene, phenol, and toluene. Hydroxyacetone mainly underwent C-C/C-O cleavage that was further enhanced in the presence of oxygen; the resultant intermediates would recombine to generate acetoin and 2,3-pentanedione. A higher ER would directly oxidize the alcoholic hydroxyl group (-OH) into an aldehyde group (-CHO) to form methyl glyoxal, while 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde mainly underwent cleavage and recombination of bonds connected with the benzene ring including aldehyde group (-CHO), CAr-O, CMethoxy-O bonds, thus forming 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, toluene, and 3-hydroxybenzadehyde. This study provides more fundamental insights into the homogeneous oxidation of volatiles during the oxidative fast pyrolysis of biomass, facilitating the deployment of this technology.

• Publisher: MDPI AG
• Subject: Benzene / Biomass / Furnaces / Gases / Heat / Lignin / Oxidation / oxidative pyrolysis / oxygen equivalence ratio / Pyrolysis / pyrolysis temperature / Temperature / volatiles