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Molecular basis of human noradrenaline transporter reuptake and inhibition
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Molecular basis of human noradrenaline transporter reuptake and inhibition
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Molecular basis of human noradrenaline transporter reuptake and inhibition
Molecular basis of human noradrenaline transporter reuptake and inhibition
Journal Article

Molecular basis of human noradrenaline transporter reuptake and inhibition

2024
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Overview
Noradrenaline, also known as norepinephrine, has a wide range of activities and effects on most brain cell types 1 . Its reuptake from the synaptic cleft heavily relies on the noradrenaline transporter (NET) located in the presynaptic membrane 2 . Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the human NET in both its apo state and when bound to substrates or antidepressant drugs, with resolutions ranging from 2.5 Å to 3.5 Å. The two substrates, noradrenaline and dopamine, display a similar binding mode within the central substrate binding site (S1) and within a newly identified extracellular allosteric site (S2). Four distinct antidepressants, namely, atomoxetine, desipramine, bupropion and escitalopram, occupy the S1 site to obstruct substrate transport in distinct conformations. Moreover, a potassium ion was observed within sodium-binding site 1 in the structure of the NET bound to desipramine under the KCl condition. Complemented by structural-guided biochemical analyses, our studies reveal the mechanism of substrate recognition, the alternating access of NET, and elucidate the mode of action of the four antidepressants. The cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human noradrenaline transporter in both the apo state and bound to substrates or antidepressant drugs are resolved.