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Mechanisms of calcium homeostasis orchestrate plant growth and immunity
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Journal Article
Mechanisms of calcium homeostasis orchestrate plant growth and immunity
2024
Overview
Calcium (Ca
2+
) is an essential nutrient for plants and a cellular signal, but excessive levels can be toxic and inhibit growth
1
,
2
. To thrive in dynamic environments, plants must monitor and maintain cytosolic Ca
2+
homeostasis by regulating numerous Ca
2+
transporters
3
. Here we report two signalling pathways in
Arabidopsis thaliana
that converge on the activation of vacuolar Ca
2+
/H
+
exchangers (CAXs) to scavenge excess cytosolic Ca
2+
in plants. One mechanism, activated in response to an elevated external Ca
2+
level, entails calcineurin B-like (CBL) Ca
2+
sensors and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs), which activate CAXs by phosphorylating a serine (S) cluster in the auto-inhibitory domain. The second pathway, triggered by molecular patterns associated with microorganisms, engages the immune receptor complex FLS2–BAK1 and the associated cytoplasmic kinases BIK1 and PBL1, which phosphorylate the same S-cluster in CAXs to modulate Ca
2+
signals in immunity. These Ca
2+
-dependent (CBL–CIPK) and Ca
2+
-independent (FLS2–BAK1–BIK1/PBL1) mechanisms combine to balance plant growth and immunity by regulating cytosolic Ca
2+
homeostasis.
A study of calcium homeostasis in the plant
Arabidopsis
reveals two signalling pathways it uses to balance the objectives of growth and immunity by regulating the level of Ca
2+
in the cytosol.
