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Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions
Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions
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Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions
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Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions
Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions
Journal Article

Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions

2025
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Overview
Background/Objectives: This study characterized the endogenous peptide profile of human milk from a Chinese multicenter cohort (n = 200 mothers) using the Orbitrap Fusion Lumos LC-MS/MS. Methods: Samples were collected across different lactation stages (2 and 6 months postpartum) and seven geographic regions (Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Jinhua, Lanzhou, Weihai, and Zhengzhou). Results: In total, 6960 peptides derived from 621 proteins were identified. Peptides from the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR) were more abundant in the 2nd month than the 6th month, providing a high antimicrobial activity and immune functions for the infants. Moreover, region-specific variations were observed, with milk from Lanzhou exhibiting significantly higher levels of β-casein (CASB) and butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 (BTN1A1) peptides compared to other cities. Conclusions: Furthermore, maternal dietary intake of oils and total fat correlated positively with the intensity of specific antimicrobial peptides, including CASB_199–216, CASB_200–226, and CASB_201–226. Infant growth parameters were inversely correlated with several antimicrobial peptides, although CASB_200–225 demonstrated positive associations. These findings offer novel insights into the dynamics of endogenous peptides in human milk and may guide breastfeeding recommendations and infant formula design.