Journal Article

Deep learning techniques for classification of electroencephalogram (EEG) motor imagery (MI) signals: a review

Muhammad, Ghulam, Bencherif, Mohamed A., Altaheri, Hamdi, Alsulaiman, Mansour, Altuwaijri, Ghadir Ali, Amin, Syed Umar, Abdul, Wadood, Faisal, Mohammed

2023

Overview

The brain–computer interface (BCI) is an emerging technology that has the potential to revolutionize the world, with numerous applications ranging from healthcare to human augmentation. Electroencephalogram (EEG) motor imagery (MI) is among the most common BCI paradigms that have been used extensively in smart healthcare applications such as post-stroke rehabilitation and mobile assistive robots. In recent years, the contribution of deep learning (DL) has had a phenomenal impact on MI-EEG-based BCI. In this work, we systematically review the DL-based research for MI-EEG classification from the past ten years. This article first explains the procedure for selecting the studies and then gives an overview of BCI, EEG, and MI systems. The DL-based techniques applied in MI classification are then analyzed and discussed from four main perspectives: preprocessing, input formulation, deep learning architecture, and performance evaluation. In the discussion section, three major questions about DL-based MI classification are addressed: (1) Is preprocessing required for DL-based techniques? (2) What input formulations are best for DL-based techniques? (3) What are the current trends in DL-based techniques? Moreover, this work summarizes MI-EEG-based applications, extensively explores public MI-EEG datasets, and gives an overall visualization of the performance attained for each dataset based on the reviewed articles. Finally, current challenges and future directions are discussed.

• Publisher: Springer London,Springer Nature B.V
• Subject: Artificial Intelligence / Classification / Computational Biology/Bioinformatics / Computational Science and Engineering / Computer Science / Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery / Datasets / Deep learning / Electroencephalography / Health care / Human-computer interface / Image Processing and Computer Vision / Imagery / New technology / Performance evaluation / Preprocessing / Probability and Statistics in Computer Science / Rehabilitation / S.I.: Machine Learning for Big Data Analytics in Smart Healthcare Systems / Service robots / Special Issue on Machine Learning for Big Data Analytics in Smart Healthcare Systems