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Deforestation and its effects in highland Madagascar
by
Gade, D.W. (University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.)
in
AFFORESTATION
/ AFORESTACION
/ Africa
/ Bgi / Prodig
/ BOSQUE DE FRONDOSAS SIEMPREVERDE
/ BROADLEAVED EVERGREEN FORESTS
/ BRULAGE DIRIGE
/ CEBU
/ Coniferous forests
/ CONSERVACION DE LA NATURALEZA
/ CONSERVATION DE LA NATURE
/ CONTROLLED BURNING
/ COOWNERSHIP
/ COPROPIETARIO
/ COPROPRIETE
/ DEBOISEMENT
/ DEFORESTACION
/ DEFORESTATION
/ ENDANGERED SPECIES
/ ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
/ EROSION HYDRIQUE
/ EROSION POR EL AGUA
/ ESPECE EN DANGER
/ ESPECIES EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCION
/ ESTEPAS
/ EXTENSION FORESTIERE
/ FLOODING
/ FLOODS
/ Forest cover
/ Forest fires
/ Forest regeneration
/ FORET FEUILLUE SEMPERVIRENTE
/ Grasses
/ Grassland fires
/ HIGHLANDS
/ IMPACT SUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT
/ IMPACTO AMBIENTAL
/ INONDATION
/ INUNDACION
/ MADAGASCAR
/ Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands
/ NATURE CONSERVATION
/ Physical geography
/ PRESCRIBED BURNING
/ QUEMA CONTROLADA
/ REGION D'ALTITUDE
/ STEPPE
/ STEPPES
/ Trees
/ Vegetation
/ WATER EROSION
/ ZEBU
/ ZEBU CATTLE
/ ZONA DE MONTANA
1996
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Deforestation and its effects in highland Madagascar
by
Gade, D.W. (University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.)
in
AFFORESTATION
/ AFORESTACION
/ Africa
/ Bgi / Prodig
/ BOSQUE DE FRONDOSAS SIEMPREVERDE
/ BROADLEAVED EVERGREEN FORESTS
/ BRULAGE DIRIGE
/ CEBU
/ Coniferous forests
/ CONSERVACION DE LA NATURALEZA
/ CONSERVATION DE LA NATURE
/ CONTROLLED BURNING
/ COOWNERSHIP
/ COPROPIETARIO
/ COPROPRIETE
/ DEBOISEMENT
/ DEFORESTACION
/ DEFORESTATION
/ ENDANGERED SPECIES
/ ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
/ EROSION HYDRIQUE
/ EROSION POR EL AGUA
/ ESPECE EN DANGER
/ ESPECIES EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCION
/ ESTEPAS
/ EXTENSION FORESTIERE
/ FLOODING
/ FLOODS
/ Forest cover
/ Forest fires
/ Forest regeneration
/ FORET FEUILLUE SEMPERVIRENTE
/ Grasses
/ Grassland fires
/ HIGHLANDS
/ IMPACT SUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT
/ IMPACTO AMBIENTAL
/ INONDATION
/ INUNDACION
/ MADAGASCAR
/ Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands
/ NATURE CONSERVATION
/ Physical geography
/ PRESCRIBED BURNING
/ QUEMA CONTROLADA
/ REGION D'ALTITUDE
/ STEPPE
/ STEPPES
/ Trees
/ Vegetation
/ WATER EROSION
/ ZEBU
/ ZEBU CATTLE
/ ZONA DE MONTANA
1996
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Deforestation and its effects in highland Madagascar
by
Gade, D.W. (University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.)
in
AFFORESTATION
/ AFORESTACION
/ Africa
/ Bgi / Prodig
/ BOSQUE DE FRONDOSAS SIEMPREVERDE
/ BROADLEAVED EVERGREEN FORESTS
/ BRULAGE DIRIGE
/ CEBU
/ Coniferous forests
/ CONSERVACION DE LA NATURALEZA
/ CONSERVATION DE LA NATURE
/ CONTROLLED BURNING
/ COOWNERSHIP
/ COPROPIETARIO
/ COPROPRIETE
/ DEBOISEMENT
/ DEFORESTACION
/ DEFORESTATION
/ ENDANGERED SPECIES
/ ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
/ EROSION HYDRIQUE
/ EROSION POR EL AGUA
/ ESPECE EN DANGER
/ ESPECIES EN PELIGRO DE EXTINCION
/ ESTEPAS
/ EXTENSION FORESTIERE
/ FLOODING
/ FLOODS
/ Forest cover
/ Forest fires
/ Forest regeneration
/ FORET FEUILLUE SEMPERVIRENTE
/ Grasses
/ Grassland fires
/ HIGHLANDS
/ IMPACT SUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT
/ IMPACTO AMBIENTAL
/ INONDATION
/ INUNDACION
/ MADAGASCAR
/ Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands
/ NATURE CONSERVATION
/ Physical geography
/ PRESCRIBED BURNING
/ QUEMA CONTROLADA
/ REGION D'ALTITUDE
/ STEPPE
/ STEPPES
/ Trees
/ Vegetation
/ WATER EROSION
/ ZEBU
/ ZEBU CATTLE
/ ZONA DE MONTANA
1996
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Journal Article
Deforestation and its effects in highland Madagascar
1996
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Overview
Madagascar's highland region once was covered with an evergreen forest dominated by about 20 endemic tree species. This has been permanently replaced by a floristically impoverished steppe vegetation on ferrolitic soils. Human intervention has caused this deforestation, aided by a notable failure of highland forests to spontaneously regenerate. Beginning about A.D. 600, Indonesian settlers began removing forests in this region to create swidden fields. After A.D. 1000, zebu cattle introduced from Africa provided a strong motive for islanders to increase grassland at the expense of forest. By A.D.1600 the highland forest cover had mostly disappeared except for localized tract, patches, and strips. The historical record and contemporary observations point to the importance of fire in destroying the forest. This landscape conversion has had devastating outcomes. Tree and humus removal has led to massive erosion, floods, water shortages, and faunal extinctions or endangerments. Agricultural and pastoral production on upland soils is marginal. Re-establishment of long-term ecological stability to this region would require an end to burning as a form of pasture management, changes in communal land tenure, and reforestation of the highlands with native tree species. /// Les montagnes de Madagascar étaient dans le passé couvertes d'une forêt sempervirente dominée par 20 essences endémiques. Cette forêt a été remplacée en permanence par une végétation de steppe á flore appauvrie sur des sols ferralitiques. L'intervention humaine est à l'origine de cette déforestation, combinée avec un manque remarquable de régénération spontanée. Au début du VIIe siècle, les immigrants indonésiens ont commencé à détruire les forêts de la région dans le but de pratiquer l'agriculture sur brûlis. Au XIe siècle, l'introduction du zébu africain a beaucoup encouragé les habitants à augmenter les pâturages au détriment des forêts. Vers la fin du XVe siècle, la couverture forestière des montagnes avait pratiquement disparu, à part de petites étendues localisées. Le dossier historique et les observations contemporaines ont mis en évidence le rôle du défrichement par incendie dans la destruction des forêts. Cette conversion du paysage a produit des effets désastreux. La disparition des arbres et de l'humus a entraîné une érosion massive, des inondations, des pénuries d'eau et des extinctions ou menaces d'extinction de la faune. La productivité agricole et pastorale sur les sols de montagne est marginale. Le rétablissement de la stabilité écologique à long terme de cette région nécessiterait le renoncement à l'incendie comme forme de gestion des pâturages, un changement de régime foncier communal et la reforestation avec des essences indigènes. /// Früher war das Hochland von Madagaskar stark bewaldet und von hauptsächlich immergrünen endemischen Arten gab es mehr als zwanzig. Gegenwärtig sind die eisenhaltigen Böden nur mit einer dürftigen Steppenvegetation bewachsen. Die Entwaldung ist Folge von anthropogenen Eingriffen, und sie wird verstärkt durch die Tatsache, daß sich Hochlandwald sehr langsam regeneriert. Die Abholzung begann um etwa 600 a.D., als indonesische Siedler mit Brandfeldbau begannen. Ab etwa 1000 a.D. wurde Zebu Vieh aus Afrika eingeführt, was die Inselbewohner motivierte, die Entwaldung noch stärker zugunsten von Grassland voranzutreiben. Dies führte dazu, daß ab etwa 1600 a.D. der Waldbestand des Hochlandes bis auf vereinzelte, lokal begranzte Flächen verschwunden war. Alte Aufzeichnungen und neuere Beobachtungen zeigen, daß Waldbrand und nicht Abholzung dann den Wald endgültig vertilgt haben. Solch gravierende Land-schaftsveränderungen hatten verheerende Folgen. Der fehlende Baumbewuchs und der damit verbundene Verlust an Humusboden führte zu starker Erosion, Überschwemmungen, und Wassermangel und gefährdete außerdem die Tierwelt bis hin zum Aussterben einzelner Arten. Hochlandböden bringen der Land- und Weidewirtschaft nur noch geringe Erträge. Konsequenzen, die langsichtig zu ökologischer Stabilität führen, erfordern daß Brandfeldbau abgeschafft wird, daß Gemeindeland anders verwaltet wird, und daß das Hochland mit endemischen Baumarten aufgeforstet wird.
Publisher
University of California Press,United Nations University
Subject
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