Journal Article

Nonlinear Quasi-Classical Model of Isothermal Relaxation Polarization Currents in Functional Elements of Microelectronics, Optoelectronics, and Fiber Optics Based on Crystals with Ionic-Molecular Chemical Bonds with Complex Crystalline Structure

Makhanov, Kanat, Kayumov, Damir, Kalytka, Valeriy, Neshina, Yelena, Lukin, Dmitriy, Mekhtiyev, Ali, Yurchenko, Aleksey, Bulatbayev, Felix, Zaplakhov, Alexandr, Alkina, Aliya, Issayev, Valeriy

2025

Overview

In this article, the mechanism of relaxation polarization currents occurring at a constant temperature (isothermal process) in crystals with ionic-molecular chemical bonds (CIMBs) in an alternating electric field was investigated. Methods of the quasi-classical kinetic theory of dielectric relaxation, based on solutions of the nonlinear system of Fokker–Planck and Poisson equations (for the blocking electrode model) and perturbation theory (by expanding into an infinite series in powers of a dimensionless small parameter) were used. Generalized nonlinear mathematical expressions for calculating the complex amplitudes of relaxation modes of the volume-charge distribution of the main charge carriers (ions, protons, water molecules, etc.) were obtained. On this basis, formulas for the current density of relaxation polarization (for transient processes in a dielectric) in the k-th approximation of perturbation theory were constructed. The isothermal polarization currents are investigated in detail in the first four approximations (k = 1, 2, 3, 4) of perturbation theory. These expressions will be applied in the future to compare the results of theory and experiment, in analytical studies of the kinetics of isothermal ion-relaxation (in crystals with hydrogen bonds (HBC), proton-relaxation) polarization and in calculating the parameters of relaxers (molecular characteristics of charge carriers and crystal lattice parameters) in a wide range of field parameters (0.1–1000 MV/m) and temperatures (1–1550 K). Asymptotic (far from transient processes) recurrent formulas are constructed for complex amplitudes of relaxation modes and for the polarization current density in an arbitrary approximation k of perturbation theory with a multiplicity r by the polarizing field (a multiple of the fundamental frequency of the field). The high degree of reliability of the theoretical results obtained is justified by the complete agreement of the equations of the mathematical model for transient and stationary processes in the system with a harmonic external disturbance. This work is of a theoretical nature and is focused on the construction and analysis of nonlinear properties of a physical and mathematical model of isothermal ion-relaxation polarization in CIMB crystals under various parameters of electrical and temperature effects. The theoretical foundations for research (construction of equations and working formulas, algorithms, and computer programs for numerical calculations) of nonlinear kinetic phenomena during thermally stimulated relaxation polarization have been laid. This allows, with a higher degree of resolution of measuring instruments, to reveal the physical mechanisms of dielectric relaxation and conductivity and to calculate the parameters of a wide class of relaxators in dielectrics in a wide experimental temperature range (25–550 K).

• Publisher: MDPI AG
• Subject: Amplitudes / Analysis / Approximation / Charge distribution / Chemical bonds / Chemical properties / Crystal lattices / Crystals / crystals with ion-molecular chemical bonds (CIMBs) / Current carriers / Current density / Dielectrics / Electric fields / Electric properties / Fiber optics / Hydrogen / Hydrogen bonds / hydrogen-bonded crystals (HBC) / Infinite series / isothermal ion-relaxation polarization (in CIMBs) / Isothermal processes / isothermal proton-relaxation polarization (in HBC) / isothermal relaxation polarization current (ITRPC) / Kinetic theory / Lasers / Mathematical analysis / Mathematical models / Measuring instruments / Nonlinear systems / Numerical analysis / Optoelectronics industry / Permeability / Perturbation theory / Physical instruments / Poisson equation / Polarization / Protons / Radiation / Resonant frequencies / Software / Spectrum analysis / Stationary processes / Structure / Temperature / Temperature effects / thermally stimulated relaxation polarization current (TSRPC)