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Synchronized Multidisciplinary Observations in Large‐Scale Dam Breach Experiments to Enhance the Understanding of Dam Failure Evolution
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Synchronized Multidisciplinary Observations in Large‐Scale Dam Breach Experiments to Enhance the Understanding of Dam Failure Evolution
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Journal Article
Synchronized Multidisciplinary Observations in Large‐Scale Dam Breach Experiments to Enhance the Understanding of Dam Failure Evolution
2026
Overview
Natural landslide dams pose severe hazards when they fail, and understanding their breach processes remain challenging because such events are rarely observed directly in the field. To address this gap, we conducted large‐scale overtopping experiments with compacted (CP) and non‐compacted (NCP) dams, supported by a synchronized multi‐sensor framework that combined UAV and ground‐based photogrammetry, particle tracking velocimetry, water level gauges, autonomous scouring particles, and seismic monitoring. In situ density tests confirmed that CP dams had higher dry bulk volumetric weight and lower water content (2.33 t/m3, 4.9%) than NCP dams (2.04–1.98 t/m3, 6.8%–4.4%), corresponding to compaction levels of ∼104% for CP and 88%–89% for NCP. The multi‐sensor observations captured both surface and subsurface processes throughout failure, revealing that CP dams breached rapidly with sharp peak discharges and narrow, deeply incised channels, whereas NCP dams breached more gradually, producing flatter hydrographs and wider, shallower channels. Despite these differences, the underwater cross‐sections consistently evolved toward parabolic geometries. In addition, several characteristic signatures were observed across data sets, including concentrated velocity jets in CP versus dispersed flows in NCP, and V‐shaped seismic spectrograms observed during the processes of incision and widening. Because these experiments are approximately five times larger than typical laboratory flume studies, they captured scale‐dependent behaviors not observable in smaller facilities, including slower incision rates, later peak discharges, and more gradual hydrograph development at larger scale. These findings clarify how compaction and scale jointly influence breach timing and erosion pathways and provide physically grounded constraints for improving numerical breach models and hazard assessments.
