Journal Article

Association Between Educational Inequality and Income Inequality With Metabolic Diseases and Cause‐Specific Mortality

Li, Xiaotong, Chen, Qiaoyun, Suo, Lixia, Chen, Zhu, Niu, Jingya, Yang, Wei

2025

Overview

Background Educational attainment and economic status are important socioeconomic characteristics and are associated with metabolic diseases and premature death risk. However, their relative importance and contributions to premature death remain unclear. Methods Data were collected from ten survey waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2018. Deaths before age 75 from all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality were ascertained from linkage to the National Death Index with follow‐up through 2019. Weighted Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for death by educational attainment and income level. Population‐attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated to quantify the proportional contributions of low income and low educational attainment to mortality. Results Over an average of 10.1 years of follow‐up, 4310 premature deaths were confirmed from 43 637 participants. Low income and low educational attainment were associated with increased risks of all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality, respectively. The associations between low educational attainment and mortality risk disappeared after mutual adjusting for income and education. However, among those with high school education or above, the adjusted HRs of middle income and low income were 1.81 (95% CI, 1.48–2.21) and 2.88 (95% CI, 2.31–3.59) for all‐cause mortality. The PAF showed that low educational attainment did not contribute to mortality, while 33.0% of premature deaths were attributable to low income. Conclusions Income had a greater impact on mortality risk than education. The disparities in mortality risk could be reduced by narrowing the income differentials. Low educational attainment and low income are both associated with increased risks of premature mortality. However, income was more important in determining premature mortality. One‐third of premature mortality can be attributed to low income, the disparities in mortality risk could be reduced by narrowing the income differentials.

• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subject: Adult / Aged / Blood pressure / Cardiovascular disease / cardiovascular diseases / Cause of Death - trends / Cholesterol / Clinical / Creatinine / Diabetes / education / Educational attainment / Educational Status / Epidemiology / Family income / Female / Humans / Hypertension / Income - statistics & numerical data / Inequality / Kidney diseases / Low income groups / Male / Metabolic Diseases - economics / Metabolic Diseases - mortality / Metabolic disorders / Middle Aged / Mortality / Mortality, Premature - trends / Nutrition / Nutrition Surveys / Population / population‐attributable fractions / Poverty / Regression analysis / Risk Assessment - methods / Risk Factors / Self report / Smoking / Socioeconomic Factors / Socioeconomic status / Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program / Survival Rate - trends / United States - epidemiology / Variables