Journal Article

Solar Control of the Pickup Ion Plume in the Dayside Magnetosheath of Venus

Xu, Xiaojun, Zuo, Pingbing, Gu, Hao, Chang, Qing, Futaana, Yoshifumi, Xu, Qi

2023

Overview

Using the 8.5‐year Venus Express measurements, we demonstrate the asymmetric plasma distributions in the Venusian magnetosheath. An escaping plume is formed by pickup oxygen ions in the hemisphere where the motional electric field points outward from Venus, while the velocity of solar wind protons is faster in the opposite hemisphere. The pickup O+ escape rate is estimated to be (3.6 ± 1.4) × 1024 s−1 at solar maximum, which is comparable to the ion loss rate through the magnetotail, and (1.3 ± 0.4) × 1024 s−1 at solar minimum. The increase of O+ fluxes with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) intensity is significant upstream of the bow shock, partially attributed to the increase of exospheric neutral oxygen density. However, the solar wind velocity just has a slight effect on the pickup O+ escape rate in the magnetosheath, while the effect of solar wind density is not observed. Our results suggest the pickup O+ escape rate is mainly controlled by EUV radiation. Plain Language Summary The atmospheric evolution and water escape of Venus might be influenced by the solar wind‐Venus interaction. The atoms outside the induced magnetosphere are ionized by the solar radiation and accelerated to the escape velocity by solar wind electric field. In this way, the oxygen ions are picked up by solar wind and lost from the atmosphere to space. We use the data from Venus Express spacecraft to analyze the distribution of pickup oxygen ions in the vicinity of the planet. The planetary oxygen ions form a strong escaping plume, indicating the pickup process is an efficient escape channel removing the atmospheric particles. With an enhanced solar extreme ultraviolet radiation, the escape rate through this channel would be higher because more ions are produced and then picked up. This indicates an enhanced ion loss billions of years ago since the young Sun is more active, which might be a reason for the disappearance of a presumably‐existed ocean. Key Points The pickup O+ escape rate at Venus increases with solar activity, and it is comparable to the ion loss rate through the magnetotail The solar wind velocity has a slight effect on the pickup O+ escape rate in the magnetosheath The neutral oxygen density upstream of the bow shock might increase by a factor of two from solar minimum to maximum

• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,Wiley
• Subject: Atmosphere evolution / Atmospheric evolution / Density / Electric field / Electric fields / Escape velocity / Extreme ultraviolet radiation / Ions / Magnetosheath / Magnetotails / Oxygen / Oxygen ions / Planetary magnetospheres / Protons / Radiation / Skewed distributions / Solar cycle / Solar EUV / Solar maximum / Solar minimum / Solar radiation / Solar wind / Solar wind density / Solar wind effects / Solar wind protons / Solar wind velocity / Spacecraft / Ultraviolet radiation / Velocity / Venus / Venus atmosphere / Venus Express (ESA) / Wind effects / Wind speed / Wind velocities