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Effects of ecotourism on forest loss in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot based on counterfactual analyses
Effects of ecotourism on forest loss in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot based on counterfactual analyses
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Effects of ecotourism on forest loss in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot based on counterfactual analyses
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Effects of ecotourism on forest loss in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot based on counterfactual analyses
Effects of ecotourism on forest loss in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot based on counterfactual analyses

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Effects of ecotourism on forest loss in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot based on counterfactual analyses
Effects of ecotourism on forest loss in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot based on counterfactual analyses
Journal Article

Effects of ecotourism on forest loss in the Himalayan biodiversity hotspot based on counterfactual analyses

2019
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Overview
Ecotourism is developing rapidly in biodiversity hotspots worldwide, but there is limited and mixed empirical evidence that ecotourism achieves positive biodiversity outcomes. We assessed whether ecotourism influenced forest loss rates and trajectories from 2000 to 2017 in Himalayan temperate forests. We compared forest loss in 15 ecotourism hubs with nonecotourism areas in 4 Himalayan countries. We used matching statistics to control for local-level determinants of forest loss, for example, population density, market access, and topography. None of the ecotourism hubs was free of forest loss, and we found limited evidence that forest-loss trajectories in ecotourism hubs were different from those in nonecotourism areas. In Nepal and Bhutan, differences in forest loss rates between ecotourism hubs and matched nonecotourism areas did not differ significantly, and the magnitude of the estimated effect was small. In India, where overall forest loss rates were the lowest of any country in our analysis, forest loss rates were higher in ecotourism hubs than in matched nonecotourism areas. In contrast, in China, where overall forest loss rates were highest, forest loss rates were lower in ecotourism hubs than where there was no ecotourism. Our results suggest that the success of ecotourism as a forest conservation strategy, as it is currently practiced in the Himalaya, is context dependent. In a region with high deforestation pressures, ecotourism may be a relatively environmentally friendly form of economic development relative to other development strategies. However, ecotourism may stimulate forest loss in regions where deforestation rates are low. El ecoturismo está desarrollándose rápidamente en los puntos calientes de biodiversidad en todo el mundo, pero existe evidencia empírica mixta y limitada de los resultados positivos que se logran con el ecoturismo. Valoramos si el ecoturismo influyó sobre las tasas de pérdida forestal y sus trayectorias entre el 2000 y el 2017 en los bosques templados del Himalaya. Comparamos la pérdida forestal en quince focos ecoturísticos con la pérdida forestal en las áreas sin ecoturismo de cuatro países del Himalaya. Utilizamos estadística correspondiente para controlar las determinantes a nivel local de la pérdida del bosque, por ejemplo, la densidad poblacional, el acceso al mercado y la topografía. Ninguno de los focos ecoturísticos estaba libre de pérdida forestal, además de que encontramos evidencia limitada de que las trayectorias de la pérdida forestal en los focos ecoturísticos eran diferentes a las trayectorias en las áreas sin ecoturismo. En Nepal y en Bután, las diferencias en la pérdida forestal entre los focos ecoturísticos y las áreas sin ecoturismo correspondidas no difirieron significativamente y la magnitud del efecto estimado fue menor. En la India, donde las tasas generales de pérdida forestal fueron las más bajas de cualquier país en nuestro análisis, las tasas de pérdida forestal fueron más altas en los focos ecoturísticos que en las áreas sin ecoturismo correspondidas. Como contraste, en China, donde las tasas generales de pérdida forestal fueron más altas, las tasas de pérdida forestal fueron más bajas en los focos ecoturísticos que en donde no existe el ecoturismo. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el éxito del ecoturismo como estrategia de conservación del bosque, a como se práctica actualmente en el Himalaya, depende del contexto. En una región con presiones altas de deforestación, el ecoturismo puede ser una forma de desarrollo económico relativamente amigable con el ambiente comparado con otras estrategias de desarrollo. Sin embargo, el ecoturismo puede estimular la pérdida forestal en regiones en las que las tasas de deforestación son bajas. 全球范围内,生物多样性热点地区的生态旅游芷在快速发展,但缺少明确的实证证据来证明生态旅游对生 物多样性保护有积极作用。本研究评估了生态旅游是否对2000-2017年间喜马拉雅温带森林的森林丧失率和森林丧失轨迹产生影响。我们比较了喜马拉雅地区四个国家的十五个生态旅游区与非生态旅游区的森林丧失情 况。我们用配对的统计数据来控制当地影响森林丧失的其它因素, 如人口密度,幵放市场程度和地形等。我们 发现所有生态旅游区都遭受了森林丧失,且有限的证据表明,生态旅游区与非生态旅游区森林丧失轨迹并不一 致。在尼泊尔和不丹,生态旅游区与相配对的非生态旅游区的森林丧失率没有显著差异,我们估计的生态旅游 影响程度也很低。在本研究中,印度的森林总体丧失率最低,生态旅游区的森林丧失率比相配对的非生态旅游 区更高。相比之下,在森林总体丧失率最高的中国,生态旅游区的森林丧失率却比非生态旅游区的更低。我们 的结果表明,以目前喜马拉雅地区的实践为例, 生态旅游能否成为ー种成功的森林保护策略要依据具#:情况 在森林砍伐压力较大的地区,生态旅游可能是相比于其它发展策略较为坏境友好的经济发展形式,但在森林砍 伐率低的地区,生态旅游则可能加速森林丧失。