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Plant Calcium Signaling in Response to Potassium Deficiency
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Journal Article
Plant Calcium Signaling in Response to Potassium Deficiency
2018
Overview
Potassium (K+) is an essential macronutrient of living cells and is the most abundant cation in the cytosol. K+ plays a role in several physiological processes that support plant growth and development. However, soil K+ availability is very low and variable, which leads to severe reductions in plant growth and yield. Various K+ shortage-activated signaling cascades exist. Among these, calcium signaling is the most important signaling system within plant cells. This review is focused on the possible roles of calcium signaling in plant responses to low-K+ stress. In plants, intracellular calcium levels are first altered in response to K+ deficiency, resulting in calcium signatures that exhibit temporal and spatial features. In addition, calcium channels located within the root epidermis and root hair zone can then be activated by hyperpolarization of plasma membrane (PM) in response to low-K+ stress. Afterward, calcium sensors, including calmodulin (CaM), CaM-like protein (CML), calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), and calcineurin B-like protein (CBL), can act in the sensing of K+ deprivation. In particular, the important components regarding CBL/CBL-interacting protein kinase (CBL/CIPK) complexes-involved in plant responses to K+ deficiency are also discussed.
Publisher
MDPI AG,MDPI
Subject
/ Arabidopsis - growth & development
/ Arabidopsis Proteins - genetics
/ Arabidopsis Proteins - metabolism
/ Calcium Channels - metabolism
/ Calcium-Binding Proteins - genetics
/ Calcium-Binding Proteins - metabolism
/ Cell Membrane - drug effects
/ Enzymes
/ Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
/ Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
/ Kinases
/ Protein Kinases - metabolism
/ Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases - genetics
/ Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases - metabolism
/ Proteins
/ Review
/ Sensors
/ Soil
