Journal Article

The Role of Immune Dysregulation Markers in Cardiovascular Risk of People Living with HIV: Association Among Intima Media Changes, CD4/CD8 Ratio, and CD4+ Cell Count Nadir

Galli, Laura, Guida, Alessandra, Tartaglia, Alessandra, Ceccarelli, Manuela, Castagna, Antonella, Muccini, Camilla, Celesia, Benedetto Maurizio, Manzillo, Elio, Maggi, Paolo, Ferrara, Sergio, Ricci, Elena Delfina, Basile, Rosa, Di Filippo, Giovanni

2026

Overview

HIV infection can promote persistent immune activation and endothelial dysfunction, contributing to atherosclerosis. Carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) is an established marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. We evaluated the association between cIMT severity and two routinely available markers of immune dysregulation (CD4/CD8 ratio and nadir CD4+ cell count) in people living with HIV (PLWH). We conducted an Italian multicenter cross-sectional study including 1148 PLWH who underwent carotid color Doppler ultrasound. We classified cIMT as ≤0.9, 1.0–1.4, or >1.4 mm and analyzed these categories using multinomial logistic regression, reporting adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We adjusted models for age, sex, BMI, HIV acquisition risk factor, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia/statin use, triglycerides, integrase inhibitor use, and ART duration. cIMT was ≤0.9 mm in 615 (53.6%) participants, 1.0–1.4 mm in 379 (33.0%), and >1.4 mm in 154 (13.4%). Using nadir CD4+ ≥ 200 cells/µL and CD4/CD8 ≥ 1.0 as reference, PLWH with nadir CD4+ < 200 and CD4/CD8 ≥ 1.0 had higher odds of cIMT 1.0–1.4 mm (aOR 1.66, 95% CI 1.02–2.69) and >1.4 mm (aOR 3.45, 95% CI 1.68–7.07). In conclusion, CD4+ nadir and this combined pattern were associated with greater cIMT severity, supporting a role for immune dysregulation in subclinical atherosclerosis.

• Publisher: MDPI AG,Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
• Subject: Adult / Antiretroviral therapy / Arteriosclerosis / Atherosclerosis / Atherosclerosis - immunology / Biomarkers / Blood pressure / Body mass index / Cardiovascular disease / Cardiovascular diseases / Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology / Cardiovascular Diseases - immunology / cardiovascular risk / Carotid Intima-Media Thickness / carotid vessels / CD4 / CD4 antigen / CD4 Lymphocyte Count / CD4-CD8 Ratio / CD8 antigen / Cholesterol / Cross-Sectional Studies / Diabetes / Diabetes mellitus / Doppler effect / Dyslipidemia / Female / HIV / HIV Infections - complications / HIV Infections - immunology / Human immunodeficiency virus / Humans / Hypertension / Immune response / Integrase / intima–media thickness / Italy / Lipids / Male / Metabolic disorders / Middle Aged / plaques / Risk Factors / Statins / Statistical analysis / Triglycerides / Ultrasonic imaging / Variables / Variance analysis