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Long-term Exposure to Air Pollution and Markers of Inflammation, Coagulation, and Endothelial Activation
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Long-term Exposure to Air Pollution and Markers of Inflammation, Coagulation, and Endothelial Activation
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Journal Article
Long-term Exposure to Air Pollution and Markers of Inflammation, Coagulation, and Endothelial Activation
2015
Overview
BACKGROUND:Air pollution is associated with cardiovascular disease, and systemic inflammation may mediate this effect. We assessed associations between long- and short-term concentrations of air pollution and markers of inflammation, coagulation, and endothelial activation.
METHODS:We studied participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis from 2000 to 2012 with repeat measures of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, D-dimer, soluble E-selectin, and soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1. Annual average concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), individual-level ambient PM2.5 (integrating indoor concentrations and time–location data), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and black carbon were evaluated. Short-term concentrations of PM2.5 reflected the day of blood draw, day prior, and averages of prior 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-day periods. Random-effects models were used for long-term exposures and fixed effects for short-term exposures. The sample size was between 9,000 and 10,000 observations for CRP, IL-6, fibrinogen, and D-dimer; approximately 2,100 for E-selectin; and 3,300 for soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1.
RESULTS:After controlling for confounders, 5 µg/m increase in long-term ambient PM2.5 was associated with 6% higher IL-6 (95% confidence interval = 2%, 9%), and 40 parts per billion increase in long-term NOx was associated with 7% (95% confidence interval = 2%, 13%) higher level of D-dimer. PM2.5 measured at day of blood draw was associated with CRP, fibrinogen, and E-selectin. There were no other positive associations between blood markers and short- or long-term air pollution.
CONCLUSIONS:These data are consistent with the hypothesis that long-term exposure to air pollution is related to some markers of inflammation and fibrinolysis.
Publisher
Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc,Copyright Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved
Subject
/ Air Pollution - adverse effects
/ Atherosclerosis - chemically induced
/ Atherosclerosis - epidemiology
/ Blood Coagulation - drug effects
/ C-Reactive Protein - analysis
/ Endothelium, Vascular - drug effects
/ Female
/ Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products - analysis
/ Humans
/ Inflammation - chemically induced
/ Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 - blood
/ Male
/ Nitrogen Dioxide - adverse effects
/ Particulate Matter - adverse effects
