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What motivates West African cocoa farmers to value trees? Taking the 4 W approach to the heart of the field
by
Guei, Stéphane
, Sanial, Elsa
, Hérault, Bruno
, Tankam, Chloé
, Kouassi, Aimé Kouadio
, Zo‐Bi, Irié Casimir
, N'Guessan, Anny Estelle
, Konan, Isaac Kouamé
, Traoré, Soulemane
, Jagoret, Patrick
, Dago, Marie Ruth
in
4 W approach
/ Agricultural management
/ Agricultural production
/ Agricultural sciences
/ Agroforestry
/ Cocoa
/ Côte d'Ivoire
/ Farmers
/ farmers' strategies
/ Fertilization
/ Forests
/ Life Sciences
/ Soil fertility
/ Trees
/ use‐values
2025
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What motivates West African cocoa farmers to value trees? Taking the 4 W approach to the heart of the field
by
Guei, Stéphane
, Sanial, Elsa
, Hérault, Bruno
, Tankam, Chloé
, Kouassi, Aimé Kouadio
, Zo‐Bi, Irié Casimir
, N'Guessan, Anny Estelle
, Konan, Isaac Kouamé
, Traoré, Soulemane
, Jagoret, Patrick
, Dago, Marie Ruth
in
4 W approach
/ Agricultural management
/ Agricultural production
/ Agricultural sciences
/ Agroforestry
/ Cocoa
/ Côte d'Ivoire
/ Farmers
/ farmers' strategies
/ Fertilization
/ Forests
/ Life Sciences
/ Soil fertility
/ Trees
/ use‐values
2025
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What motivates West African cocoa farmers to value trees? Taking the 4 W approach to the heart of the field
by
Guei, Stéphane
, Sanial, Elsa
, Hérault, Bruno
, Tankam, Chloé
, Kouassi, Aimé Kouadio
, Zo‐Bi, Irié Casimir
, N'Guessan, Anny Estelle
, Konan, Isaac Kouamé
, Traoré, Soulemane
, Jagoret, Patrick
, Dago, Marie Ruth
in
4 W approach
/ Agricultural management
/ Agricultural production
/ Agricultural sciences
/ Agroforestry
/ Cocoa
/ Côte d'Ivoire
/ Farmers
/ farmers' strategies
/ Fertilization
/ Forests
/ Life Sciences
/ Soil fertility
/ Trees
/ use‐values
2025
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What motivates West African cocoa farmers to value trees? Taking the 4 W approach to the heart of the field
Journal Article
What motivates West African cocoa farmers to value trees? Taking the 4 W approach to the heart of the field
2025
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Overview
West Africa, the largest cocoa‐producing region globally, has experienced significant deforestation in recent decades, leading countries to implement large‐scale agroforestry policies; however, most studies on farmers' adoption of agroforestry fail to consider the social (Who?), historical (When?), geographical (Where?), and ecological (What?) factors that influence their motivations to value trees.
Drawing from a sample of 150 farmers responsible for the management of 12,096 trees, we quantified the motivations of farmers for 10 material and immaterial uses of trees and used a Bayesian modelling framework to explore the relative importance of the 4 W framework in explaining general motivations, specific to each use, as well as the varying levels of specialization in tree management strategies among farmers.
The distribution of use values by category shows that the highest values are associated with (i) agronomic uses (such as shade for cocoa trees and soil fertilization), (ii) food for human consumption, (iii) social purposes, and (iv) medicinal uses.
All four aspects of the 4 W framework significantly contribute to understanding farmers' deep motivations, while the influence of each 4 W determinant varies based on the specific material and immaterial uses being considered.
The level of specialization or diversification in cocoa farmers' motivations is significantly influenced by their knowledge of tree species and cocoa tree density, with knowledgeable farmers exhibiting greater diversification, while higher cocoa tree density and the presence of remnant trees lead to more specialized strategies that hinder agroforestry adoption.
From a political perspective, it is urgent that stakeholders involved in the promotion of agroforestry consider all dimensions of the farmer‐field system. The diversity of farmers' life histories (Who), of cultivated landscapes (Where), of field systems (What), and of time trajectories (When) present both constraints and opportunities with which farmers must contend to transition to much‐desired agroforestry systems.
Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Résumé
L'Afrique de l'Ouest, principale région productrice de cacao au monde, a connu une déforestation massive au cours des dernières décennies, poussant les pays à mettre en œuvre des politiques agroforestières à grande échelle. Cependant, la plupart des études sur l'adoption de l'agroforesterie par les agriculteurs ne prennent pas en compte les facteurs sociaux (Who?), historiques (When?), géographiques (Where?) et écologiques (What?) qui influencent leurs motivations à valorizer les arbres.
En nous basant sur un échantillon de 150 agriculteurs responsables de la gestion de 12,096 arbres, nous avons quantifié les motivations des agriculteurs pour 10 usages matériels et immatériels des arbres. Nous avons ensuite utilisé un cadre bayésien de modélisation pour explorer l'importance relative du cadre des « 4 W » dans l'explication des motivations générales, spécifiques à chaque usage, ainsi que les niveaux de spécialisation des stratégies de gestion des arbres chez les agriculteurs.
La répartition des valeurs d'usage par catégorie montre que les valeurs les plus élevées sont associées à (i) des usages agronomiques (tels que l'ombrage des cacaoyers et la fertilization des sols), (ii) l'alimentation humaine, (iii) des fonctions sociales et (iv) des usages médicinaux.
Les quatre aspects du cadre des « 4 W » contribuent de manière significative à la compréhension des motivations profondes des agriculteurs, bien que l'influence de chaque déterminant varie selon les usages matériels ou immatériels spécifiques.
Le niveau de spécialisation ou de diversification des motivations des producteurs de cacao est. significativement influencé par leur connaissance des espèces et par la densité des cacaoyers. Les agriculteurs ayant une plus grande connaissance des arbres tendent à diversifier leurs motivations, tandis qu'une plus grande densité de cacaoyers et la présence d'arbres rémanents favorisent des stratégies plus spécialisées, freinant ainsi l'adoption de l'agroforesterie.
D'un point de vue politique, il est. urgent que les acteurs impliqués dans la promotion de l'agroforesterie prennent en compte toutes les dimensions du système champ‐agriculteur. La diversité des histoires de vie des agriculteurs (Who), des paysages cultivés (Where), de leurs systèmes de culture (What) et des trajectoires historiques (When) représentent à la fois des contraintes et des opportunités auxquelles les agriculteurs doivent faire face pour initier une transition vers les systèmes agroforestiers tant désirés.
Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Publisher
John Wiley & Sons, Inc,Wiley Open Access,Wiley
Subject
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