Journal Article

Retinoic Acid Receptor γ Activity Plays a Critical Role in Regulating Early Mouse Gastruloid Development

Brown, Geoffrey, Johnson, William E. B., McQueen, Caitlin, Edginton-White, Benjamin, Olanipekun, Jide T.

2026

Overview

Regulation of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) signaling is crucial to early embryonic development. Embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived gastruloids mimic normal development in response to the Wnt/β-catenin agonist CHIR9901, and this study has examined the importance of the activities of RAR (retinoic acid receptor) α and γ to gastruloid development. Expression of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)γ within developing gastruloids was spatially restricted to primitive cells that co-expressed ES cell and early progenitor cell markers, i.e., Nanog, Sox2, and Oct4. In contrast, RARα expression was ubiquitous. mRNAs for the key enzymes involved in ATRA synthesis (Aldh1a2) and degradation (Cyp26a1) were not seen in cells that expressed RARγ. Treatment of ES cell-derived gastruloids with physiologically relevant (10 nm) levels of ATRA or with a highly selective RARγ agonist blocked normal developmental processes, preventing symmetry-breaking and axial elongation. This was not seen following treatments with an RARα agonist, where there was a tendency for enhanced axial elongation. Brachyury (TBXT) immuno-positive cells localized in the posterior end of elongated gastruloids in control- and RARα agonist-treated cultures, with Sox2 immuno-positive cells seen more widely, whilst both TBXT and Sox2 immuno-positive cells were randomly distributed throughout ATRA- and RARγ agonist-treated gastruloids. Concurrent treatment of gastruloids with 10 nm ATRA and 100 nm of an RARγ antagonist partially abrogated the ATRA-mediated block to axial elongation. Conversely, 10 nm RARγ antagonist treatments were associated with the formation of multi-axis gastruloid elongations, with comparatively little effect seen after treatments with an RARα antagonist. These findings reveal that RARγ plays a crucial role in the development of embryonic tissues.

• Publisher: MDPI AG,Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
• Subject: Agonists / Animals / Cell Differentiation - drug effects / Dehydrogenases / Embryonic development / Embryonic Stem Cells - cytology / Embryonic Stem Cells - metabolism / Embryos / Enzymes / Fetal Proteins - genetics / Fetal Proteins - metabolism / Gastrula - cytology / Gastrula - drug effects / Gastrula - metabolism / Gene expression / Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental - drug effects / Growth factors / Mice / Morphogenesis / Nanog Homeobox Protein - genetics / Nanog Homeobox Protein - metabolism / Octamer Transcription Factor-3 - genetics / Octamer Transcription Factor-3 - metabolism / Physiology / Receptors, Retinoic Acid - agonists / Receptors, Retinoic Acid - antagonists & inhibitors / Receptors, Retinoic Acid - genetics / Receptors, Retinoic Acid - metabolism / Retinal Dehydrogenase - genetics / Retinal Dehydrogenase - metabolism / Retinoic Acid 4-Hydroxylase / Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha - genetics / Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha - metabolism / Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma / Signal Transduction / SOXB1 Transcription Factors - genetics / SOXB1 Transcription Factors - metabolism / Stem cells / Symmetry / T-Box Domain Proteins - genetics / T-Box Domain Proteins - metabolism / Tretinoin - metabolism / Tretinoin - pharmacology