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Development, evolution and pathology of neocortical subplate neurons
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Development, evolution and pathology of neocortical subplate neurons
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Journal Article
Development, evolution and pathology of neocortical subplate neurons
2015
Overview
Key Points
The subplate zone is a highly dynamic structure that contains diverse cell populations that are derived from cortical (ventricular and subventricular zones) and extracortical (rostro-medial telencephalic wall and ganglionic eminence) sources. Interneurons may be underrepresented in the postnatal subplate.
Subplate cells in rodents and primates share similarities, such as an early birth date and their location below the cortical plate, but they exhibit marked differences in relative cell survival times, molecular expression profiles and cell morphologies.
Subplate cells pioneer axonal projections from the cortex to subcortical targets, but there are species differences in the targets that they innervate.
Ablation of the subplate by excitotoxicity or immunotoxicity impairs circuit-level maturation of the primary sensory cortex, and an absence of subplate neurons prevents thalamic afferents from crossing the pallial–subpallial boundary and invading the cortex.
Transcriptomic evidence highlights the relative maturity of embryonic and fetal subplate cells and suggests novel roles for subplate neurons in the secretion of various extracellular molecules involved in axon pathfinding, cell survival or differentiation, and synaptic plasticity.
Histological, MRI and transcriptomic evidence points towards a role for the subplate in schizophrenia and autism. Whether this is causal or a consequence of earlier malformations remains unclear.
The subplate is a transient cortical zone that forms during mammalian brain development and has a crucial role in the formation of intracortical and extracortical circuits. Here, Hoerder-Suabedissen and Molnár review the changing architecture and cellular diversity of this zone in developing mouse and primate brains.
Subplate neurons have an essential role in cortical circuit formation. They are among the earliest formed neurons of the cerebral cortex, are located at the junction of white and grey matter, and are necessary for correct thalamocortical axon ingrowth. Recent transcriptomic studies have provided opportunities for monitoring and modulating selected subpopulations of these cells. Analyses of mouse lines expressing reporter genes have demonstrated novel, extracortical subplate neurogenesis and have shown how subplate cells are integrated under the influence of sensory activity into cortical and extracortical circuits. Recent studies have revealed that the subplate is involved in neurosecretion and modification of the extracellular milieu.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ 13/1
/ 14/1
/ 14/63
/ 38
/ 64/60
/ Animal Genetics and Genomics
/ Animals
/ Brain
/ Humans
/ Neocortex - growth & development
/ Nerve Net - growth & development
/ Neurons
/ Primates
