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Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter constituents and mortality: case-crossover evidence from 32 counties in China
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Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter constituents and mortality: case-crossover evidence from 32 counties in China
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Journal Article
Short-term exposure to fine particulate matter constituents and mortality: case-crossover evidence from 32 counties in China
2022
Overview
A growing number of studies associated increased mortality with exposures to specific fine particulate (PM
2.5
) constituents, while great heterogeneity exists between locations. In China, evidence linking PM
2.5
constituents and mortality was extensively sparse. This study primarily aimed to quantify short-term associations between PM
2.5
constituents and non-accidental mortality among the Chinese population. We collected daily mortality records from 32 counties in China between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2013. Daily concentrations of main PM
2.5
constituents (organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), nitrate (NO
3
−
), sulfate (SO
4
2−
), and ammonium (NH
4
+
)) were estimated using the modified Community Multiscale Air Quality model. Time-stratified case-crossover design with conditional logistic regression models was adopted to estimate mortality risks associated with short-term exposures to PM
2.5
mass and its constituents. Stratification analyses were done by sex, age, and season. A total of 116,959 non-accidental deaths were investigated. PM
2.5
concentrations on the day of death were averaged at 75.7 µg m
−3
(control day: 75.6 µg m
−3
), with an interquartile range (IQR) of 65.2 µg m
−3
. Per IQR rise in PM
2.5
, EC, OC, NO
3
−
, SO
4
2−
, and NH
4
+
at lag-04 day was associated with an increase in non-accidental mortality of 2.4% (95% confidence interval, (1.0–3.7), 1.7% (0.8–2.7), 2.9% (1.6–4.3), 2.1% (0.4–3.9), 1.0% (0.2–1.9), and 1.6% (0.3–2.9), respectively. Both PM
2.5
mass and its constituents were strongly associated with elevated cardiovascular mortality risks, but only PM
2.5
, EC, and OC were positively associated with respiratory mortality at lag-3 day. PM
2.5
mass and its constituents associated effects on mortality varied among sex- and age-specific subpopulations. Differences in the seasonal pattern of associations exist among PM
2.5
constituents, with stronger effects related to EC and NO
3
−
in warm months but SO
4
2−
and NH
4
+
in cold months. Short-term exposures to PM
2.5
compositions were positively associated with increased risks of mortality, particularly those constituents from combustion-related sources.
