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Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism
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Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism
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Journal Article
Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism
2015
Overview
Key Points
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that degrades cytoplasmic constituents and organelles in the lysosome.
Autophagy was originally believed to non-selectively sequester and degrade cytoplasmic material. However, it is increasingly being appreciated that autophagy is a selective process, resulting in the targeted engulfment of specific cargoes such as mitochondria, peroxisomes and ribosomes, and protein aggregates.
Although protein catabolism is a salient feature of autophagy, recent research has uncovered that autophagy mobilizes diverse cellular energy and nutrient stores such as lipids, carbohydrates and iron.
In certain contexts, autophagic degradation is tightly linked with anabolic processes within cells. For example, autophagy-derived amino acids are important for enabling protein synthesis in mammalian cells.
During starvation, multiple transcriptional networks coordinate the autophagic degradation of intracellular lipids (lipophagy) in conjunction with other processes, promoting lipid catabolism.
Recent research demonstrating the selective autophagic degradation of iron–ferritin complexes has uncovered the importance of autophagy in mobilizing cellular nutrient stores.
Autophagy serves to degrade proteins during starvation. Recent progress has illuminated how, during starvation and nutrient repletion, autophagy can mobilize diverse cellular energy and nutrient stores, such as lipids, carbohydrates and iron, to salvage key metabolites that sustain and facilitate core anabolic functions.
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that degrades cytoplasmic constituents and organelles in the lysosome. Starvation-induced protein degradation is a salient feature of autophagy but recent progress has illuminated how autophagy, during both starvation and nutrient-replete conditions, can mobilize diverse cellular energy and nutrient stores such as lipids, carbohydrates and iron. Processes such as lipophagy, glycophagy and ferritinophagy enable cells to salvage key metabolites to sustain and facilitate core anabolic functions. Here, we discuss the established and emerging roles of autophagy in fuelling biosynthetic capacity and in promoting metabolic and nutrient homeostasis.
