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Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors
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Journal Article
Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors
2022
Overview
Introduction
Head and neck cancer appears to be increasing in incidence, with potential changes in aetiology proposed. This paper aims to provide a narrative overview of the epidemiological literature to describe the disease burden and trends in terms of incidence and mortality both in the UK and globally and to review the evidence on current risk factors.
Methods
A search was performed on multiple databases (PubMed and Epistemonikos), applying filters to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses which investigated head and neck cancer incidence, mortality and risk factors. International and UK cancer registries and sources were searched for incidence and mortality data.
Results
Multiple definitions of head and neck cancer are employed in epidemiology. Globally, incidence rates have increased in recent decades, largely driven by oropharyngeal cancer. Mortality rates over the last decade have also started to rise, reflecting the disease incidence and static survival rates. Major risk factors include tobacco smoking alone and in combination with alcohol consumption, betel chewing (particularly in Southeast Asian populations) and the human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal cancer.
Conclusions
These epidemiological data can inform clinical and preventive service planning for head and neck cancer.
Key points
Head and neck cancer incidence is increasing and is projected to continue to rise, largely driven by increases in oropharyngeal cancer.
Mortality rates have started to increase within the last decade, reflecting a rising incidence and static survival rates.
Major risk factors that are associated with the risk of head and neck cancer are tobacco smoking and tobacco used in combination with alcohol consumption. Human papillomavirus is an additional major risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. Cancers of the head and neck are clearly socioeconomically patterned but this socioeconomic risk is not entirely explained by smoking and alcohol behaviours.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
