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Sex differences in telomere length, lifespan, and embryonic dyskerin levels
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Sex differences in telomere length, lifespan, and embryonic dyskerin levels
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Sex differences in telomere length, lifespan, and embryonic dyskerin levels
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Journal Article
Sex differences in telomere length, lifespan, and embryonic dyskerin levels
2022
Overview
Telomerase levels in most human cells are insufficient to prevent loss of telomeric DNA with each replication cycle. The resulting “Hayflick” limit may have allowed lifespan to increase by suppressing the development of tumors early in life be it at the expense of compromised cellular responses late in life. At any given age, the average telomere length in leukocytes shows considerably variation between individuals with females having, on average, longer telomeres than males. Sex differences in average telomere length are already present at birth and correspond to reported differences in the average life expectancy between the sexes. Levels of telomerase RNA and dyskerin, encoded by DKC1, are known to limit telomerase activity in embryonic stem cells. X‐linked DKC1 is expressed from both alleles in female embryo cells and higher levels of dyskerin and telomerase could elongate telomeres prior to embryo implantation. The hypothesis that embryonic telomerase levels set the stage for the sex differences in telomere length and lifespan deserves further study. The telomere length in leukocytes declines with age. Short telomeres are a risk factor for cardiovascular and infectious diseases. Women have, on average, longer telomeres than males, a difference that is already present at birth. Here it is proposed that this difference originates during embryonic development as a result of bi‐allelic expression of X‐linked DKC1 encoding dyskerin, a major component of the telomerase enzyme.
