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The importance of incorporating functional habitats into conservation planning for highly mobile species in dynamic systems
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The importance of incorporating functional habitats into conservation planning for highly mobile species in dynamic systems
The importance of incorporating functional habitats into conservation planning for highly mobile species in dynamic systems
Journal Article

The importance of incorporating functional habitats into conservation planning for highly mobile species in dynamic systems

2017
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Overview
The distribution of mobile species in dynamic systems can vary greatly over time and space. Estimating theirpopulation size and geographic range can be problematic and affect the accuracy of conservation assessments. Scarce data on mobile species and the resources they need can also limit the type of analytical approaches available to derive such estimates. We quantified change in availability and use of key ecological resources required for breeding for a critically endangered nomadic habitat specialist, the Swift Parrot (Xathamus discolor). We compared estimates of occupied habitat derived from dynamic presence-background (i.e., presence-only data) climatic models with estimates derived from dynamic occupancy models that included a direct measure of food availability. We then compared estimates that incorporate fine-resolution spatial data on the availability of key ecological resources (i.e., functional habitats) with more common approaches that focus on broader climatic suitability or vegetation cover (due to the absence of fine-resolution data). The occupancy models produced significantly (P < 0.001) smaller (up to an order of magnitude) and more spatially discrete estimates of the total occupied area than climate-based models. The spatial location and extent of the total area occupied with the occupancy models was highly variable between years (131 and 1498 km²). Estimates accounting for the area of functional habitats were significantly smaller (2-58% [SD 16]) than estimates based only on the total area occupied. An increase or decrease in the area of one functional habitat (foraging or nesting) did not necessarily correspond to an increase or decrease in the other. Thus, an increase in the extent of occupied area may not equate to improved habitat quality or function. We argue these patterns are typical for mobile resource specialists but often go unnoticed because of limited data over relevant spatial and temporal scales and lack of spatial data on the availability of key resources. Understanding changes in the relative availability of functional habitats is crucial to informing conservation planning and accurately assessing extinction risk for mobile resource specialists. La distribución de las especies móviles en los sistemas dinámicos puede variar enormemente con el tiempo y el espacio. Estimar el tamaño de la población y la extensión geográfica puede ser problemático y afecta la certeza de las valoraciones de conservación. Los datos escasos sobre las especies móviles y los recursos que necesitan también pueden limitar el tipo de estrategias analíticas disponibles para derivar dichos estimados. Cuantificamos el cambio en la disponibilidad y el uso de los recursos ecológicos clave requeridos para la reproducción en un especialista nómada y en peligro de extinción crítico: el periquito migrador (lathamus discolor). Comparamos los estimados del habitat ocupado derivados de los modelos climáticos dinámicos de presencia-segundo plano (es decir, datos de sólo-presencia) con los estimados derivados de los modelos de ocupación dinámica que incluyeron una medida directa de la disponibilidad de alimento. Después comparamos los estimados que incorporan datos espaciales de alta resolución sobre la disponibilidad de recursos ecológicos clave (es decir; los habitats funcionales) con estrategias más comunes que se enfocan en una idoneidad climática más general o en la cobertura vegetal (debido a la ausencia de datos de alta resolución). Los modelos de ocupación produjeron estimados más pequeños significativamente (p<0.001) y más discretos espacialmente del área total ocupada que los modelos con base climática. La ubicación espacial y la extensión del área ocupada total fueron altamente variables entre años (131-1498 km²) con los modelos de ocupación. Los estimados que representan el área de los habitats funcionales fueron más pequeños significativamente (2-58% [DS 16]) que los estimados basados solamente en el área total ocupada. Un incremento o disminución en el área de un habitat funcional (búsqueda de alimento o anidación) no correspondió necesariamente con un incremento o disminución en el otro. Así, un incremento en la extensión del área ocupada puede no ser igual a un incremento en la función o calidad del habitat. Argumentamos que estos patrones son típicos para los especialistas en recursos móviles pero son ignorados comúnmente debido a los datos limitados sobre las escalas espaciales y temporales relevantes y a la falta de datos espaciales sobre la disponibilidad de recursos clave. Entender los cambios en la disponibilidad relativa de los habitats funcionales es crucial para informar a la planeadón de la conservación y valorar con certeza el riesgo de extinción de los especialistas en recursos móviles.