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Journal Article
Optimizing wheat productivity and water productivity through deficit irrigation strategies in semi-arid environments
2025
Overview
This study evaluated the effects of deficit irrigation strategies on wheat production, water productivity, and nitrogen dynamics in a semi-arid region of Pakistan. Field experiments were conducted over three crop seasons (2019–2022) with four irrigation treatments: 100% (I
100
), 80% (I
80
), 60% (I
60
), and 40% (I
40
) of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) requirements. Canopy cover dynamics exhibited quadratic relationships within days after sowing, attaining maximum covers of 95, 93, 89, and 75% under I
100
, I
80
, I
60
, and I
40
, respectively. Biomass accumulation followed similar quadratic trends, maximizing at 15.1 t ha
−1
, 11.0 t ha
−1
, 8.5 t ha
−1
, and 6.0 t ha
−1
for the respective treatments. Irrigation significantly affected biomass yield (BY), grain yield (GY), and nitrogen uptake, with I
100
having higher values than deficit treatments. Relative to I
100
, the BY decreases were 8% (I
80
), 23% (I
60
), and 48% (I
40
), while the GY reductions were 7%, 23%, and 50%, respectively. Grain nitrogen uptake ranged from 123 kg N ha
−1
(I
100
) to 59 kg N ha
−1
(I
40
), mirroring yield trends. Water use efficiency based on biomass (WUE
b
) and grain yield (WUE
g
) remained consistent across I
100
, I
80
, and I
60
but dropped significantly under I
40
. The yield response factor (K
y
) analysis indicated that wheat exhibited moderate sensitivity to water stress, with K
y
values of 1.25 (I
60
) and 1.02 (I
80
). These findings suggest that deficit irrigation at 80% ETc can optimize water conservation while sustaining wheat productivity and resource-use efficiency in semi-arid environments.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Portfolio
