Journal Article

Born high, born fast: Does highland birth confer a pulmonary advantage for sea level endurance?

Paris, Hunter L., Constantini, Keren, Shei, Ren‐Jay, Allen, Peyton E., Baranauskas, Marissa N., Wiggins, Chad C., Jadovitz, John R., Storm, Cooker Perkins

2025

Overview

Less than 7% of the world's population live at an altitude above 1500 m. Yet, as many as 67% of medalists in the 2020 men's and women's Olympic marathon, and 100% of medalists in the 2020 men's and women's Olympic 5000 m track race may have been born or raised above this otherwise rare threshold. As a possible explanation, research spanning nearly a quarter of a century demonstrates that indigenous highlanders exhibit pulmonary adaptations distinct from their lowland counterparts. These adaptations may then promote endurance performance. Indeed, healthy indigenous highlanders often exhibit a larger aerobic exercise capacity compared to sea‐level residents who travel to high altitude. However, questions remain on whether high‐altitude birth is advantageous for sea‐level competitions. In this review, we ask whether being born at a high altitude generates an ergogenic advantage for endurance performance in the Summer Olympics—a venue that is generally held at sea level. In so doing, we distinguish between three groups of high‐altitude residents: (i) the indigenous highlander, (ii) the highland newcomer, and (iii) the highland sojourner. Concentrating specifically on altitude‐induced alterations to pulmonary physiology beginning in the perinatal period, we propose that if altitude‐related maladaptations are avoided, genomic and developmental alterations accompanying highland birth may present benefits for endurance competitions at sea level. What is the topic of this review? Whether being born at high altitude contributes to endurance exercise performance at sea level. Does highland birth set the stage for lowland success? What advances does it highlight? The physiological effects and ergogenic potential of highland birth, especially as it pertains to the respiratory system. Possible (mal)adaptations evoked by perinatal hypoxia in various groups of highlanders and the influence of these pulmonary‐related alterations on endurance performance at sea level, for example, in the Summer Olympics.

• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,Wiley
• Subject: Acclimatization - physiology / Adaptation, Physiological - physiology / Aerobic capacity / Altitude / Birth / Female / high altitude / High-altitude environments / Humans / hypoxia / Lung - physiology / Male / Oxygen Consumption - physiology / Parturition - physiology / Physical Endurance - physiology / Review / Sea level