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CCL2 is critical for immunosuppression to promote cancer metastasis
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Journal Article
CCL2 is critical for immunosuppression to promote cancer metastasis
2013
Overview
We previously found that cancer metastasis is accelerated by immunosuppression during Snail-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the molecular mechanism still remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that CCL2 is a critical determinant for both tumor metastasis and immunosuppression induced by Snail
+
tumor cells. CCL2 is significantly upregulated in various human tumor cells accompanied by Snail expression induced by
snail
transduction or TGFβ treatment. The Snail
+
tumor-derived CCL2 amplifies EMT events in other cells including Snail
−
tumor cells and epithelial cells within tumor microenvironment. CCL2 secondarily induces Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in the Snail
+
tumor cells in an autocrine manner. CCL2 and LCN2 cooperatively generate immunoregulatory dendritic cells (DCreg) having suppressive activity accompanied by lowered expression of costimulatory molecules such as HLA-DR but increased expression of immunosuppressive molecules such as PD-L1 in human PBMCs. The CCL2/LCN2-induced DCreg cells subsequently induce immunosuppressive CD4
+
FOXP3
+
Treg cells, and finally impair tumor-specific CTL induction. In murine established tumor model, however, CCL2 blockade utilizing the specific siRNA or neutralizing mAb significantly inhibits Snail
+
tumor growth and metastasis following systemic induction of anti-tumor immune responses in host. These results suggest that CCL2 is more than a chemoattractant factor that is the significant effector molecule responsible for immune evasion of Snail
+
tumor cells. CCL2 would be an attractive target for treatment to eliminate cancer cells via amelioration of tumor metastasis and immunosuppression.
Publisher
Springer Netherlands,Springer Nature B.V
Subject
/ Biomarkers, Tumor - genetics
/ Biomarkers, Tumor - metabolism
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Chemokine CCL2 - antagonists & inhibitors
/ Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
/ Humans
/ Melanoma, Experimental - immunology
/ Melanoma, Experimental - metabolism
/ Melanoma, Experimental - pathology
/ Mice
/ Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
/ Oncology
/ Pancreatic Neoplasms - immunology
/ Pancreatic Neoplasms - metabolism
/ Pancreatic Neoplasms - pathology
/ Snail Family Transcription Factors
/ T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic - immunology
/ T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory - immunology
/ Transcription Factors - genetics
