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Immune microniches shape intestinal Treg function
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Journal Article
Immune microniches shape intestinal Treg function
2024
Overview
The intestinal immune system is highly adapted to maintaining tolerance to the commensal microbiota and self-antigens while defending against invading pathogens
1
,
2
. Recognizing how the diverse network of local cells establish homeostasis and maintains it in the complex immune environment of the gut is critical to understanding how tolerance can be re-established following dysfunction, such as in inflammatory disorders. Although cell and molecular interactions that control T regulatory (T
reg
) cell development and function have been identified
3
,
4
, less is known about the cellular neighbourhoods and spatial compartmentalization that shapes microorganism-reactive T
reg
cell function. Here we used in vivo live imaging, photo-activation-guided single-cell RNA sequencing
5
–
7
and spatial transcriptomics to follow the natural history of T cells that are reactive towards
Helicobacter hepaticus
through space and time in the settings of tolerance and inflammation. Although antigen stimulation can occur anywhere in the tissue, the lamina propria—but not embedded lymphoid aggregates—is the key microniche that supports effector T
reg
(eT
reg
) cell function. eT
reg
cells are stable once their niche is established; however, unleashing inflammation breaks down compartmentalization, leading to dominance of CD103
+
SIRPα
+
dendritic cells in the lamina propria. We identify and validate the putative tolerogenic interaction between CD206
+
macrophages and eT
reg
cells in the lamina propria and identify receptor–ligand pairs that are likely to govern the interaction. Our results reveal a spatial mechanism of tolerance in the lamina propria and demonstrate how knowledge of local interactions may contribute to the next generation of tolerance-inducing therapies.
Studies in mice show that effector T regulatory cells in the gut are most functional in the lamina propria, but this homeostatic niche is disrupted in inflammation, suggesting a spatial mechanism of tolerance to commensal microorganisms.
