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Deciphering functional roles of protein succinylation and glutarylation using genetic code expansion
Deciphering functional roles of protein succinylation and glutarylation using genetic code expansion
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Deciphering functional roles of protein succinylation and glutarylation using genetic code expansion
Deciphering functional roles of protein succinylation and glutarylation using genetic code expansion

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Deciphering functional roles of protein succinylation and glutarylation using genetic code expansion
Deciphering functional roles of protein succinylation and glutarylation using genetic code expansion
Journal Article

Deciphering functional roles of protein succinylation and glutarylation using genetic code expansion

2024
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Overview
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) dynamically regulate cellular processes. Lysine undergoes a range of acylations, including malonylation, succinylation (SucK) and glutarylation (GluK). These PTMs increase the size of the lysine side chain and reverse its charge from +1 to −1 under physiological conditions, probably impacting protein structure and function. To understand the functional roles of these PTMs, homogeneously modified proteins are required for biochemical studies. While the site-specific encoding of PTMs and their mimics via genetic code expansion has facilitated the characterization of the functional roles of many PTMs, negatively charged lysine acylations have defied this approach. Here we describe site-specific incorporation of SucK and GluK into proteins via temporarily masking their negative charge through thioester derivatives. We prepare succinylated and glutarylated bacterial and mammalian target proteins, including non-refoldable multidomain proteins. This allows us to study how succinylation and glutarylation impact enzymatic activity of metabolic enzymes and regulate protein–DNA and protein–protein interactions in biological processes from replication to ubiquitin signalling. Negatively charged lysine acylations—malonylation, succinylation and glutarylation—impact protein structure and function, which can affect cellular processes. Now temporarily masked thioester derivatives of succinylation and glutarylation can be used for site-specific modification of diverse bacterial and mammalian proteins, which can facilitate the study of how these lysine modifications impact enzymatic activity and control protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions.