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Optimizing carbon storage and biodiversity co-benefits in reforested riparian zones
Optimizing carbon storage and biodiversity co-benefits in reforested riparian zones
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Optimizing carbon storage and biodiversity co-benefits in reforested riparian zones
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Optimizing carbon storage and biodiversity co-benefits in reforested riparian zones
Optimizing carbon storage and biodiversity co-benefits in reforested riparian zones
Journal Article

Optimizing carbon storage and biodiversity co-benefits in reforested riparian zones

2019
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Overview
Climate change and biodiversity loss are two global challenges that can be addressed simultaneously through reforestation of previously cleared land. However, carbon markets can encourage reforestations that focus on maximizing carbon storage, potentially at the expense of biodiversity conservation. To identify opportunities to optimize reforestation design and management to meet both goals, we examined the forest stand features associated with carbon stocks in biomass and soil, as well as bird abundance and diversity, in remnant and restored riparian forest stands in central California, U.S.A. Within three decades of reforestation, both planted and naturally regenerating riparian forest stands provided significantly greater carbon storage and avian biodiversity benefits compared to baseline conditions. They were also similar to a remnant riparian forest stand. We identified a synergy between carbon storage and biodiversity benefits in their positive associations with understorey cover, but we also identified a trade‐off in their relationships to forest stand density. Biomass carbon stocks were strongly positively related to stand density, while bird density and diversity suffered at the highest stand densities. The variability in understorey cover across forest stands indicates an opportunity for further enhancement of carbon and biodiversity benefits in areas where understorey cover is low, while the variability in stand density suggests an opportunity to re‐examine reforestation goals and consider thinning to achieve those goals. Synthesis and applications. We identified synergies and trade‐offs between carbon storage and biodiversity in their relationships to forest stand features, indicating opportunities to optimize reforestation design and management to achieve multiple goals. Our approach can be adapted to other reforestation efforts intended to simultaneously address the global challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss. Foreign Language Resumen El cambio climatico y la pérdida de biodiversidad son dos problemas globales que se pueden enfrentar con la reforestación de tierras previamente degradadas. Sin embargo, los mercados de carbon promueven reforestaciones enfocadas en maximizar el almacenamiento de carbon, posiblemente a cuestas de la conservación de la biodiversidad. Para identificar oportunidades de diseño y gestión de programas de reforestación enfocados en estos dos objetivos, evaluamos las características de rodales de bosques que determinan las medias de carbon en la biomasa y en los suelos, y que también determinan la abundancia y diversidad de aves en rodales de bosques riparios remanentes y restaurados en el centro de California, Estados Unidos. En tres décadas de reforestación, los rodales de bosques riparios sembrados y regenerados naturalmente incrementaron de manera significativa el almacenamiento de carbono y los beneficios para la biodiversidad de aves comparado con condiciones de referencia. Los rodales de bosques riparios también mostraron características similares a un rodal de bosque ripario remanente. Hemos identificado una sinergia entre el almacenamiento de carbono y beneficios a la biodiversidad porque estan positivamente asociadas con la cobertura del sotobosque, pero también identificamos una compensación con la densidad del rodal de bosque. Las reservas de carbono en la biomasa demostraron una fuerte relación positiva con la densidad del rodal, mientras que la densidad y la diversidad de las aves sufrieron en las densidades más altas del rodal. La variabilidad en la cobertura del sotobosque en los rodales de bosque indica una oportunidad para augmentar beneficios de carbon y de biodiversidad en áreas donde la coberatura esté baja, mientras que la variabilidad en la densidad de los rodales sugiere una oportunidad para reexaminar las metas de reforestación posiblemente considerando el raleo para alcanzar las metas. Síntesis y aplicaciones. Identificamos sinergias y compensaciones entre el almacenamiento de carbono y la biodiversidad con las características de rodales de bosque, indicando oportunidades para optimizar el diseño y la gestión de programas de reforestación para lograr objetivos múltiples. Nuestro enfoque se puede adaptar a otros esfuerzos de reforestación dedicados a enfrentar simultáneamente los problemas globales de cambio climatico y la pérdida de biodiversidad. We identified synergies and trade‐offs between carbon storage and biodiversity in their relationships to forest stand features, indicating opportunities to optimize reforestation design and management to achieve multiple goals. Our approach can be adapted to other reforestation efforts intended to simultaneously address the global challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss.