Journal Article

Predictors of prediabetes/diabetes and hypertension in Ethiopia: Reanalysis of the 2015 NCD STEPS survey using causal path diagrams

Zyl, Cornelia, Samuel, Aregash, Girma, Meron, Genye, Tirsit, Hussen, Alemayehu, Pradeilles, Rebecca, Norris, Tom, Bekele, Zerihun

2024

Overview

The objective of our study was to reanalyse the Ethiopia STEPwise approach to Surveillance Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors survey (NCD STEPS), using causal path diagrams constructed using expert subject matter knowledge in conjunction with graphical model theory to map the underlying causal network of modifiable factors associated with prediabetes/diabetes and hypertension. We used data from the 2015 Ethiopia NCD STEPS representative cross‐sectional survey (males; n = 3977 and females; n = 5823 aged 15–69 years) and performed directed acyclic graph‐informed logistic regression analyses. In both sexes, a 1‐unit higher in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were positively associated with prediabetes/diabetes (BMI: males: adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.07 [95% confidence interval: 1.0, 1.1], females aOR: 1.03 [1.0, 1.1]; WC: males: aOR: 1.1 [0.9, 1.2], females: aOR: 1.2 [1.1, 1.3]) and hypertension (BMI: males: aOR: 1.2 [1.1, 1.2], females aOR: 1.1 [1.0, 1.1]; WC: males: aOR: 1.6 [1.4, 1.8], females: aOR: 1.3 [1.2, 1.5]). Although residing in urban settings was associated with higher odds of hypertension in both males (aOR: 1.79 [1.49, 2.16]) and females (aOR: 1.70 [1.49, 1.95]), it was only associated with prediabetes/diabetes in males (aOR: 1.56 [1.25, 1.96]). Males and females in pastoralist areas had lower odds of prediabetes/diabetes compared with their agrarian counterparts (males: aOR: 0.27 [0.14, 0.52], females: aOR: 0.31 [0.16, 0.58]). Physical activity was associated with lower odds of prediabetes/diabetes among females (aOR: 0.75 [0.58, 0.97]). Other diet‐related modifiable factors such as consumption of fruit and vegetable, alcohol or salt were not associated with either prediabetes/diabetes or hypertension. Our findings highlight the need to implement interventions that prevent overweight/obesity and nutrition‐related NCDs, particularly in urban areas. We provide empirical findings relating to the factors associated with hypertension and prediabetes/diabetes among Ethiopian males and females. Our findings highlight the need to implement interventions that promote healthy lifestyles to address the burden of overweight/obesity and Nutrition‐Related Noncommunicable Diseases, particularly in urban areas. Key messages Body mass index and waist circumference were positively associated with hypertension and prediabetes/diabetes for both sexes. Residing in urban settings was associated with increased odds of hypertension in both sexes, and with prediabetes/diabetes in males. Physical activity was associated with lower odds of prediabetes/diabetes among women. Diet‐related factors (consumption of fruit and vegetables, alcohol, and salt) were not associated with either hypertension or prediabetes/diabetes. There is a need for longitudinal, nationally representative dietary surveys, which enable the derivation of relevant indicators of the nutrition transition in Ethiopia.

• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,Wiley
• Subject: Blood pressure / Body mass index / Body weight / Causality / Diabetes / Diagrams / Diet / Drinking behavior / Ethiopia / Exercise / Females / Food consumption / Glucose / Health risks / Healthy food / Hypertension / Males / Mortality / noncommunicable diseases / Nutrition / Obesity / Pastoralism / Physical activity / Physical fitness / Polls & surveys / prediabetes / Public health / Risk factors / Statistical analysis / Surveillance / Sustainable development / Urban areas