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Design and Fabrication of Complex Scaffolds for Bone Defect Healing: Combined 3D Plotting of a Calcium Phosphate Cement and a Growth Factor-Loaded Hydrogel
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Design and Fabrication of Complex Scaffolds for Bone Defect Healing: Combined 3D Plotting of a Calcium Phosphate Cement and a Growth Factor-Loaded Hydrogel
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Design and Fabrication of Complex Scaffolds for Bone Defect Healing: Combined 3D Plotting of a Calcium Phosphate Cement and a Growth Factor-Loaded Hydrogel
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Journal Article
Design and Fabrication of Complex Scaffolds for Bone Defect Healing: Combined 3D Plotting of a Calcium Phosphate Cement and a Growth Factor-Loaded Hydrogel
2017
Overview
Additive manufacturing enables the fabrication of scaffolds with defined architecture. Versatile printing technologies such as extrusion-based 3D plotting allow in addition the incorporation of biological components increasing the capability to restore functional tissues. We have recently described the fabrication of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds by 3D plotting of an oil-based CPC paste under mild conditions. In the present study, we have developed a strategy for growth factor loading based on multichannel plotting: a biphasic scaffold design was realised combining CPC with VEGF-laden, highly concentrated hydrogel strands. As hydrogel component, alginate and an alginate–gellan gum blend were evaluated; the blend exhibited a more favourable VEGF release profile and was chosen for biphasic scaffold fabrication. After plotting, two-step post-processing was performed for both, hydrogel crosslinking and CPC setting, which was shown to be compatible with both materials. Finally, a scaffold was designed and fabricated which can be applied for testing in a rat critical size femur defect. Optimization of CPC plotting enabled the fabrication of highly resolved structures with strand diameters of only 200
µ
m. Micro-computed tomography revealed a precise strand arrangement and an interconnected pore space within the biphasic scaffold even in swollen state of the hydrogel strands.
Publisher
Springer US,Springer Nature B.V
Subject
Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials
/ Animals
/ Biological and Medical Physics
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering
/ Blends
/ Bone Cements - pharmacokinetics
/ Bone Regeneration - drug effects
/ Calcium Phosphates - chemistry
/ Calcium Phosphates - pharmacokinetics
/ Calcium Phosphates - pharmacology
/ Cements
/ Humans
/ Hydrogels - pharmacokinetics
/ Organs
/ Plotting
/ Rats
/ Strands
/ Tissue Scaffolds - chemistry
/ Tissues
/ Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - chemistry
