Journal Article

Changes in precarious employment in the United States

Andrea, Sarah B, Oddo, Vanessa M, Zhuang, Castiel Chen, Peckham, Trevor, Eisenberg-Guyot, Jerzy, Jacoby, Daniel, Hajat, Anjum

2021

Overview

Objective This longitudinal study aimed to measure precarious employment in the US using a multidimensional indicator. Methods We used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1988-2016) and the Occupational Information Network database to create a longitudinal precarious employment score (PES) among 7568 employed individuals over 18 waves (N=101 290 observations). We identified 13 survey indicators to operationalize 7 dimensions of precarious employment, which we included in our PES (range: 0-7, with 7 indicating the most precarious): material rewards, working-time arrangements, stability, workers' rights, collective organization, interpersonal relations, and training. Using generalized estimating equations, we estimated the mean PES and changes over time in the PES overall and by race/ethnicity, gender, education, income, and region. Results On average, the PES was 3.17 [standard deviation (SD) 1.19], and was higher among women (3.34, SD 1.20), people of color (Hispanics: 3.24, SD 1.23; non-Hispanic Blacks: 3.31, SD 1.23), those with less education (primary: 3.99, SD 1.07; high school: 3.43, SD 1.19), and with lower-incomes (3.84, SD 1.08), and those residing in the South (3.23, SD 1.17). From 1988 to 2016, the PES increased by 9% on average [0.29 points; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26-0.31]. While precarious employment increased over time across all subgroups, the increase was largest among males (0.35 points; 95% CI 0.33-0.39), higher-income (0.39 points; 95% CI 0.36-0.42) and college-educated (0.37 points; 95% CI 0.33-0.41) individuals. Conclusions Long-term decreases in employment quality are widespread in the US. Women and those from racialized and less-educated populations remain disproportionately precariously employed; however, we observed the largest increases among men, college graduates and higher-income individuals.

• Publisher: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health,Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health,Nordic Association of Occupational Safety and Health,Nordic Association of Occupational Safety and Health (NOROSH)
• Subject: Adolescent / Black people / College graduates / Confidence intervals / Education / Educational Status / Employment / employment condition / employment quality / Ethnicity / Female / Health disparities / health disparity / Humans / Income / Insecure / Interpersonal relations / Labor standards / Latin American cultural groups / longitudinal / Longitudinal Studies / Male / Marginalized groups / Men / Multidimensional methods / non-standard work / Occupations / Original / Original article / Polls & surveys / precarious employment / precarious work / precarity / Race / Rewards / Secondary schools / Subgroups / Surveys and Questionnaires / Trends / United States / Wages & salaries / Women / Workers / Workers' rights