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Bacteria from foods and gut microbiota produce methylglyoxal and this metabolite leads to the formation of bioactive 1-acetyl-β-carboline alkaloids
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Bacteria from foods and gut microbiota produce methylglyoxal and this metabolite leads to the formation of bioactive 1-acetyl-β-carboline alkaloids
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Journal Article
Bacteria from foods and gut microbiota produce methylglyoxal and this metabolite leads to the formation of bioactive 1-acetyl-β-carboline alkaloids
2026
Overview
Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a highly reactive and toxic compound whereas 1-acetyl-β-carbolines (ACE-βCs) are bioactive alkaloids. These compounds were studied in cultures of bacteria from foods and human gut microbiota
.
Two ACE-βCs were identified as 1-acetyl-β-carboline (AβC) and 1-acetyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (AβC-COOH). Cultures containing ACE-βCs also contained MGO that was produced during bacterial growth. MGO produced by bacteria reacted spontaneously with L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and afforded ACE-βCs. MGO and ACE-βCs appeared in cultures from
Escherichia coli
and
Lactilactobacillus sakei
but not in cultures from other lactobacilli (
L. plantarum
,
L. rhamnosus
,
and L. paracasei
). Those bacteria producing MGO contained the enzyme methylglyoxal synthase (MgsA). MgsA was needed for the production of MGO as demonstrated by expressing the
mgsA
gene from
L. sakei
DSM 15831
T
into
Lacticaseibacillus paracasei
BL23, and the recombinant strain produced MGO. The factors involved in the bacterial production of MGO are highlighted.
E. coli
produced MGO only in presence of glucose and
L. sakei
on galactose. The bacterial production of MGO (and resultant ACE-βCs) increased with the concentration of carbohydrates (glucose or galactose). The production of MGO from glucose in
E. coli
highly increased when phosphate was added and higher levels were produced under anaerobic or oxygen-limited conditions than in aerobic conditions. The results suggest that
E coli
may produce MGO under gut conditions and MGO may result from the accumulation of phosphorylated intermediates in glycolysis. It is concluded that bacteria possessing MgsA present in foods and human gut microbiota produce MGO that leads to the formation of ACE-βCs alkaloids. Bacterial production of MGO is relevant owing to its reactive and toxic nature whereas ACE-βCs are bioactive substances investigated in different targets.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group,Nature Portfolio
