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Enhancer–promoter interference and its prevention in transgenic plants
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Journal Article
Enhancer–promoter interference and its prevention in transgenic plants
2011
Overview
Biotechnology has several advantages over conventional breeding for the precise engineering of gene function and provides a powerful tool for the genetic improvement of agronomically important traits in crops. In particular, it has been exploited for the improvement of multiple traits through the simultaneous introduction or stacking of several genes driven by distinct tissue-specific promoters. Since transcriptional enhancer elements have been shown to override the specificity of nearby promoters in a position- and orientation-independent manner, the co-existence of multiple enhancers/promoters within a single transgenic construct could be problematic as it has the potential to cause the mis-expression of transgene product(s). In order to develop strategies with, which to prevent such interference, a clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying enhancer-mediated activation of target promoters, as well as the identification of DNA sequences that function to block these interactions in plants, will be necessary. To date, little is known concerning enhancer function in plants and only a very limited number of enhancer-blocking insulators that operate in plant species have been identified. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge surrounding enhancer–promoter interactions, as well as possible means of minimizing such interference during plant transformation experiments.
Publisher
Springer-Verlag,Springer,Springer Nature B.V
Subject
Biological and medical sciences
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ breeding
/ Crops
/ DNA
/ Enhancer Elements, Genetic - genetics
/ Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
/ Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
/ Gene Expression Regulation, Plant - genetics
/ genetically modified organisms
/ genetics
/ Insulator Elements - genetics
/ methods
/ Plants, Genetically Modified
/ Plants, Genetically Modified - genetics
/ Promoter Regions, Genetic - genetics
/ Review
/ species
/ Stacking
