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Ciliogenesis: building the cell's antenna
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Ciliogenesis: building the cell's antenna
Ciliogenesis: building the cell's antenna
Journal Article

Ciliogenesis: building the cell's antenna

2011
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Overview
Key Points Cilia are complex sensory and motile organelles found on almost all cells of the body. The complexity of the cilium raises the question of how it is built in an orderly fashion. Ciliary assembly proceeds in a stepwise manner: centrioles form basal bodies, dock on the cortex and induce outgrowth of the cilium. Assembly also involves protein-trafficking from the cytoplasm to the base of the cilium and selective import of ciliary proteins through a channel that may be analogous to the nuclear pore complex. Sustained growth of cilia requires active transport, which is provided by the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system. Assembly of cilia is a function of cell cycle stage and is tightly regulated to control the length of the final structure. Ciliary length seems to result from a continuous steady-state balance of assembly and disassembly, with the inherent length-dependence of IFT-mediated transport leading to a length-dependent assembly rate. Cilium assembly requires the coordination of motor-driven intraflagellar transport, membrane trafficking and import of cilium-specific proteins through a barrier at the ciliary transition zone. Recent findings provide insights into how cilia might assemble and disassemble in synchrony with the cell cycle and achieve a steady-state length. The cilium is a complex organelle, the assembly of which requires the coordination of motor-driven intraflagellar transport (IFT), membrane trafficking and selective import of cilium-specific proteins through a barrier at the ciliary transition zone. Recent findings provide insights into how cilia assemble and disassemble in synchrony with the cell cycle and how the balance of ciliary assembly and disassembly determines the steady-state ciliary length, with the inherent length-dependence of IFT rendering the ciliary assembly rate a decreasing function of length. As cilia are important in sensing and processing developmental signals and directing the flow of fluids such as mucus, defects in ciliogenesis and length control are likely to underlie a range of cilium-related human diseases.