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Detection of Benzimidazole-Resistant Haemonchus contortus in Domestic and Wild Ruminants in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Detection of Benzimidazole-Resistant Haemonchus contortus in Domestic and Wild Ruminants in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Journal Article
Detection of Benzimidazole-Resistant Haemonchus contortus in Domestic and Wild Ruminants in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2026
Overview
Gastrointestinal nematodes, particularly Haemonchus contortus, represent a major threat to ruminant health and productivity worldwide, largely due to the widespread emergence of anthelmintic resistance. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, benzimidazole resistance has previously been confirmed in domestic ruminants; however, data on wildlife remain lacking. Given the frequent spatial and temporal overlap between domestic and wild ruminants on shared pastures, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of benzimidazole-resistant H. contortus genotypes within a multi-host system. During the 2024/2025 season, a total of 111 abomasal samples were collected from sheep (n = 20), lambs (n = 12), goats (n = 17), roe deer (n = 40) and chamois (n = 22) across four localities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Laktaši, Banja Luka, Modriča and Višegrad). Adult H. contortus specimens were morphologically identified and confirmed using real-time quantitative PCR (rt-qPCR). Benzimidazole resistance was assessed by allele-specific rt-qPCR targeting the F200Y mutation in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene. Statistically significant interspecies differences in β-tubulin genotype distribution were observed (p < 0.05), primarily driven by variation in the homozygous resistant (RR) genotype. High RR prevalence was detected in sheep (60%), lambs (50%) and roe deer (52.5%), whereas lower proportions were observed in chamois (27.3%) and goats (23.5%). Overall, 44.1% of all analyzed H. contortus isolates carried homozygous resistant alleles, indicating an advanced stage of benzimidazole resistance within this multi-host system. These findings demonstrate that benzimidazole resistance in H. contortus is not confined to domestic livestock but is also present in wild ruminants sharing the same grazing areas, consistent with circulation of resistant parasites within shared grazing systems.
Publisher
MDPI AG,Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Subject
/ Animals
/ Animals, Wild - parasitology
/ Anthelmintics - pharmacology
/ Benzimidazoles - pharmacology
/ Bosnia and Herzegovina - epidemiology
/ Deer
/ Genes
/ Genotype
/ Goats
/ Grazing
/ Haemonchiasis - epidemiology
/ Haemonchiasis - parasitology
/ Haemonchus - isolation & purification
/ Lamb
/ livestock-wildlife interface
/ Nematoda
/ Pasture
/ rt-qPCR
/ Sheep
/ Tubulin
/ Tubulins
/ Wildlife
