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Ecology and exploration of the rare biosphere
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Journal Article
Ecology and exploration of the rare biosphere
2015
Overview
Key Points
Microbial-community abundance distributions have a long 'tail' of low-abundance organisms, referred to as the rare biosphere, which often comprises the large majority of species.
Rare-biosphere microorganisms display specific and sometimes unique ecology and biogeography that can differ substantially from that of more abundant representatives.
The rare biosphere contributes to a persistent microbial seed bank, contrasting the influence of local microbial extinction and immigration.
Recruitment from the rare biosphere provides a broad reservoir of ecological function and resiliency (redundancy and flexibility).
Broad time-series studies with rich metadata will improve the study of rare-biosphere dynamics and conditionally rare taxa.
Study of the rare biosphere is prone to experimental artefacts (sequencing noise) and biological artefacts (dormancy and taphonomic gradients).
The majority of microbial diversity exists, at least transiently, in the rare biosphere.
Novel rare-biosphere members can be studied through cultivation, targeted phylogenetic mining and single-cell genomics.
The detection and subsequent analysis of low-abundance microbial populations — the 'rare biosphere' — have demonstrated the persistence, population dynamics, dispersion and predation of these microbial species. Lynch and Neufeld discuss the ecology of rare microbial populations and highlight molecular and computational methods for targeting taxonomic 'blind spots' in the rare biosphere of complex microbial communities.
The profound influence of microorganisms on human life and global biogeochemical cycles underlines the value of studying the biogeography of microorganisms, exploring microbial genomes and expanding our understanding of most microbial species on Earth: that is, those present at low relative abundance. The detection and subsequent analysis of low-abundance microbial populations — the 'rare biosphere' — have demonstrated the persistence, population dynamics, dispersion and predation of these microbial species. We discuss the ecology of rare microbial populations, and highlight molecular and computational methods for targeting taxonomic 'blind spots' within the rare biosphere of complex microbial communities.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
