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Fawn birthdays: From opportunistically sampled fawn rescue data to true wildlife demographic parameters
Fawn birthdays: From opportunistically sampled fawn rescue data to true wildlife demographic parameters
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Fawn birthdays: From opportunistically sampled fawn rescue data to true wildlife demographic parameters
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Fawn birthdays: From opportunistically sampled fawn rescue data to true wildlife demographic parameters
Fawn birthdays: From opportunistically sampled fawn rescue data to true wildlife demographic parameters

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Fawn birthdays: From opportunistically sampled fawn rescue data to true wildlife demographic parameters
Fawn birthdays: From opportunistically sampled fawn rescue data to true wildlife demographic parameters
Journal Article

Fawn birthdays: From opportunistically sampled fawn rescue data to true wildlife demographic parameters

2023
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Overview
Spring mowing in May and June is one of the main causes of mortality of roe deer fawns in agricultural regions. Knowing the exact birth distribution of fawns is important to guide farmers in their pre‐mowing precautions to avoid fawn deaths. Wildlife volunteers searching fields prior to mowing can act as citizen scientists by producing data sets of rescued fawns and their approximate age at find. However, due to weather‐dependent searches, the corresponding birth distributions can be highly skewed. We simulated virtual field data to examine the shortcomings of such data sources and introduced two algorithms for reconstructing reliable birth distribution parameters (mean and standard deviation) based on skewed samples. We found that weather‐dependent search data biased the calculated means and standard deviations by up to 14 and 5 days, respectively. However, the use of the proposed advanced algorithms (Grid Search and Machine Learning) resulted in better estimates of the sample means and standard deviations by reducing the root‐mean‐square error by 65% and 80% respectively. Furthermore, the Grid Search algorithm was able to capture birth distribution parameters based on real citizen science data in Bavaria, Germany, from 2021, which are close to the results of more systematic samples of the same year. The simulation exercise highlighted the shortcomings and discrepancies of using non‐probabilistic samples, for example on the occasion of mowing activities, to study demographic parameters compared to the true simulated distribution. Yet, the proposed algorithms can address these drawbacks and potentially turn citizen science data into an important data source for wildlife studies. This could ultimately help reduce wildlife losses during the mowing season by better knowing the distribution of births in a region. Zusammenfassung Die Frühjahrsmahd im Mai und Juni ist eine der Hauptursachen für die Rehkitzsterblichkeit in landwirtschaftlichen Gebieten. Für den effektiven Einsatz von Kitzrettungsmaßnahmen ist es wichtig, die genaue Geburtenverteilung der Kitze zu kennen, um die Landwirt:innen entsprechend anzuleiten. Freiwillige Wildtierretter:innen, die Felder vor dem Mähen absuchen, können gleichzeitig als Bürgerwissenschaftler:innen Datensätze zu geretteten Kitzen und deren ungefährem Alter beim Fund sammeln. Aufgrund der wetterabhängigen Mahd und der damit verbundenen Kitzsuche können die entsprechenden Geburtenverteilungen jedoch stark verzerrt sein. Wir haben deshalb anhand virtueller (simulierter) Rehkitzfunddaten die Unzulänglichkeiten solcher Datenquellen evaluiert. Des Weiteren haben wir zwei Algorithmen entwickelt, um zuverlässige Parameter der Geburtenverteilung (Mittelwert und Standardabweichung) auf der Grundlage solcher verzerrten Stichproben zu rekonstruieren. Die Simulationen zeigten, dass wetterabhängige Suchdaten die berechneten Mittelwerte und Standardabweichungen um bis zu 14 bzw. 5 Tage verzerrten. Die Anwendung der vorgeschlagenen Algorithmen (Grid Search und Machine Learning) führte jedoch zu besseren Schätzungen der Mittelwerte und Standardabweichungen der Stichprobe, sodass der RMSE auf 65 % bzw. 80 % reduziert wurde. Darüber hinaus konnte der Grid‐Search‐Algorithmus die Parameter der Geburtenverteilung auf der Grundlage realer Citizen‐Science‐Daten aus Bayern im Jahr 2021 so abschätzen, dass sie den Ergebnissen systematischerer Stichproben desselben Jahres nahekamen. Die Simulationsstudie zeigte deutliche Mängel und Diskrepanzen, wenn ‐ im Vergleich zu den simulierten „wahren“ Verteilungen ‐ nicht‐probabilistische Stichproben zur Ableitung demographischer Parameter verwendet werden. Die vorgestellten Algorithmen können diese Nachteile jedoch beheben und damit bürgerwissenschaftliche Daten zu einer wichtigen Datenquelle für Wildtierstudien machen. Dies könnte letztendlich dazu beitragen, Wildtierverluste während der Frühjahrsmahd zu verringern, da die Verteilung der Geburten in einer Region besser bekannt ist. Spring mowing is one of the main causes of mortality in roe deer Capreolus capreolus L. fawns. Wildlife volunteers searching fields before mowing can function as citizen scientists producing data sets of saved fawns and their approximate age at find. Yet, searches and thus samples are confined to suitable weather conditions for mowing. Here, we characterized the error of approximating the population's mean and standard deviation of the breeding distribution from such sporadically sampled data. We further developed two algorithms to retrieve better estimates for the mean and standard deviation of roe deer's breeding distribution. This knowledge about the exact birth distributions of fawns can be an essential part to guide farmers on their precautionary measures before mowing.