Journal Article

Levels and health risk assessments of particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) in indoor/outdoor air of waterpipe cafés in Tehran, Iran

Taghizdeh, Farhad, Heydari, Gholamreza, Asadgol, Zahra, Jafari, Ahmad Jonidi, Arfaeinia, Hossein, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Mehrizi, Ehsan Abouee, Moradi, Masoud

2019

Overview

To determine the concentration of particulate matters (PM 2.5 and PM 10 ), 36 samples were collected from indoor/outdoor air of hookah cafés (HS), cigarette cafés (CS), both hookah and cigarette (HCS), and no-smoking building (NS) in Tehran City from December 2017 to March 2018. The mean ± SD of PM 10 concentration in the indoor air of the cafés in terms of HS, CS, HCS, and NS sites has been 702.35, 220.20, 1156.60, and 60.12 μg/m 3 , while for PM 2.5 , the values have been 271.92, 111.80, 619.10, and 22.25 μg/m 3 , respectively. It was also found that the PM concentration inside the cafés was higher during weekend session (with a higher number of active smokers), than during the weekday sessions. Moreover, the PM levels in the indoor air of the cafés were considerably higher than those of the outdoors ( p  < 0.05). Based on path analysis, the number of “active smokers” had the highest influence on production of PM inside the cafés, followed by the tobacco type. Finally, the mean excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) for PM 2.5 in the indoor air of cafés was observed in the range of 0.64 × 10 −5 –14.98 × 10 −5 . Also, the mean of hazard quotient (HQ) for PM2.5 and PM 10 was calculated in range of 0.82–18.4 and 0.16–3.28, respectively, which corresponds to an unacceptably high risk for human health. The PM levels in the indoor air of smoking cafés in Tehran are significantly high, such that it can cause serious risks for the health of both the customers and personnel. Thus, it is necessary that suitable controlling strategies be adopted for this public health threat.

• Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg,Springer Nature B.V
• Subject: air / Air Pollutants - analysis / Air Pollution, Indoor - statistics & numerical data / Airborne particulates / Aquatic Pollution / Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution / Cancer / Cigarettes / Cities / consumers (people) / Earth and Environmental Science / Ecotoxicology / Environment / Environmental Chemistry / Environmental Exposure / Environmental Health / Environmental Monitoring / Environmental science / health effects assessments / Health risk assessment / Health risks / human health / human resources / Humans / Indoor air pollution / Indoor environments / Iran / neoplasms / Particulate matter / Particulate Matter - analysis / particulates / path analysis / Public health / Research Article / risk / Risk Assessment / Smoking / Smoking Water Pipes / Tobacco / Tobacco Products / Waste Water Technology / Water Management / Water Pipe Smoking / Water Pollution Control