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Orbital forcing of deep-sea benthic species diversity
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Journal Article
Orbital forcing of deep-sea benthic species diversity
1997
Overview
Explanations for the temporal and spatial patterns of species biodiversity focus on stability–time
1–3
, disturbance–mosaic (biogenie microhabitat heterogeneity)
4,5
and competition–predation (biotic interactions)
6,7
hypotheses. The stability–time hypothesis holds that high species diversity in the deep sea and in the tropics reflects long-term climatic stability
3
. But the influence of climate change on deep-sea diversity has not been studied and recent evidence suggests that deep-sea environments undergo changes in climatically driven temperature
8
and flux of nutrients
9
and organic-carbon
10
during glacial–interglacial cycles. Here we show that Pliocene (2.85–2.40 Myr) deep-sea North Atlantic benthic ostracod (Crustacea) species diversity is related to solar insolation changes caused by 41,000-yr cycles of Earth's obliquity (tilt). Temporal changes in diversity, as measured by the Shannon–Weiner index,
H
(
S
), correlate with independent climate indicators of benthic foraminiferal oxygen-isotope ratios (mainly ice volume
11–13
) and ostracod Mg:Ca ratios (bottom-water temperature
8
). During glacial periods,
H
(
S
) = 0.2–0.6, whereas during interglacials,
H
(
S
) = 1.2–1.6, which is three to four times as high. The control of deep-sea benthic diversity by cyclic climate change at timescales of 10
3
–10
4
yr does not support the stability–time hypothesis because it shows that the deep sea is a temporally dynamic environment. Diversity oscillations reflect large-scale response of the benthic community to climatically driven changes in either thermohaline circulation, bottom temperature (or temperature-related factors) and food, and a coupling of benthic diversity to surface productivity.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
