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Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy
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Journal Article
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of muscle atrophy
2013
Overview
Skeletal muscle is a plastic organ that is maintained by multiple pathways regulating cell and protein turnover. During muscle atrophy, proteolytic systems are activated, and contractile proteins and organelles are removed, resulting in the shrinkage of muscle fibers. Excessive loss of muscle mass is associated with poor prognosis in several diseases, including myopathies and muscular dystrophies, as well as in systemic disorders such as cancer, diabetes, sepsis and heart failure. Muscle loss also occurs during aging. In this paper, we review the key mechanisms that regulate the turnover of contractile proteins and organelles in muscle tissue, and discuss how impairments in these mechanisms can contribute to muscle atrophy. We also discuss how protein synthesis and degradation are coordinately regulated by signaling pathways that are influenced by mechanical stress, physical activity, and the availability of nutrients and growth factors. Understanding how these pathways regulate muscle mass will provide new therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy in metabolic and neuromuscular diseases.
Publisher
The Company of Biologists Ltd,The Company of Biologists Limited,The Company of Biologists
Subject
/ Atrophy
/ Cancer
/ Enzymes
/ Humans
/ Inflammation Mediators - metabolism
/ Mice
/ Muscle Proteins - metabolism
/ Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism
/ Muscle, Skeletal - pathology
/ Muscular Atrophy - metabolism
/ Muscular Atrophy - pathology
/ Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex - metabolism
/ Proteins
/ Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt - metabolism
/ Review
