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COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccine induces transient CD8+ T effector cell responses while conserving the memory pool for subsequent reactivation
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COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccine induces transient CD8+ T effector cell responses while conserving the memory pool for subsequent reactivation
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Journal Article
COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccine induces transient CD8+ T effector cell responses while conserving the memory pool for subsequent reactivation
2022
Overview
Immunization with two mRNA vaccine doses elicits robust spike-specific CD8
+
T cell responses, but reports of waning immunity after COVID-19 vaccination prompt the introduction of booster vaccination campaigns. However, the effect of mRNA booster vaccination on the spike-specific CD8
+
T cell response remains unclear. Here we show that spike-specific CD8
+
T cells are activated and expanded in all analyzed individuals receiving the 3
rd
and 4
th
mRNA vaccine shots. This CD8
+
T cell boost response is followed by a contraction phase and lasts only for about 30-60 days. The spike-specific CD8
+
T memory stem cell pool is not affected by the 3
rd
vaccination. Both 4
th
vaccination and breakthrough infections with Delta and Omicron rapidly reactivate CD8
+
T memory cells. In contrast, neutralizing antibody responses display little boost effect towards Omicron. Thus, COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccination elicits a transient T effector cell response while long-term spike-specific CD8
+
T cell immunity is conserved to mount robust memory recall targeting emerging variants of concern.
Vaccines induce beneficial immunity for COVID-19, but immune waning prompts boosting vaccination. Here, the authors show that a third, boosting dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine induces transient CD8 + T effector cell response while conserving the CD8 memory T cell pool, thereby permitting reactivation of spike-specific CD8 + T cells upon breakthrough infection or 4th vaccination.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group,Nature Portfolio
Subject
