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Signalling dynamics in vertebrate segmentation
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Signalling dynamics in vertebrate segmentation
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Journal Article
Signalling dynamics in vertebrate segmentation
2014
Overview
Key Points
Vertebrate segmentation depends on an oscillator (the segmentation clock) controlling periodic signalling activities of the Notch, WNT and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways, which act on precursors of the somites in the presomitic mesoderm.
Spacing of the response to the periodic signal of the clock is controlled by a system of travelling posterior gradients of FGF and WNT signalling. This system leads to the successive determination of embryonic segments along the anteroposterior axis.
Although the pacemaker of the oscillator has not been fully characterized, delayed negative-feedback loops have been shown to be involved in the control of oscillations in mouse and zebrafish embryos.
Notch signalling is involved in the synchronization of individual cellular oscillators, resulting in coordinated waves travelling along the presomitic mesoderm.
Segmental determination occurs in the presomitic mesoderm when segmentation genes such as mesoderm posterior 2 (
MESP2
) are activated in a striped domain in response to the clock signal. This striped domain specifies the future boundaries of the somite.
Somite formation relies on a molecular oscillator, the segmentation clock, which leads to oscillatory gene expression in the presomitic mesoderm; this is converted into the periodic generation of segments in response to signalling gradients referred to as the wavefront. Recent studies provide insights into the molecular mechanisms behind this intricate developmental system.
Segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm is a major event of vertebrate development that establishes the metameric patterning of the body axis. This process involves the periodic formation of sequential units, termed somites, from the presomitic mesoderm. Somite formation relies on a molecular oscillator, the segmentation clock, which controls the rhythmic activation of several signalling pathways and leads to the oscillatory expression of a subset of genes in the presomitic mesoderm. The response to the periodic signal of the clock, leading to the establishment of the segmental pre-pattern, is gated by a system of travelling signalling gradients, often referred to as the wavefront. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of oscillations and how they interact and are coordinated to activate the segmental gene expression programme.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Nature Publishing Group
