Journal Article

Inter- and Intraspecific Comparisons of Antiherbivore Defenses in Three Species of Rainforest Understory Shrubs

Tobler, M. A, Mather, J. E, Dodson, C. D, Pidcock, W, Rolig, J. S, Dyer, L. A, Searcy, J, Richards, J. L, Fincher, R. M, Reid, A. J

2008

Overview

Plants defend themselves against herbivores and pathogens with a suite of morphological, phenological, biochemical, and biotic defenses, each of which is presumably costly. The best studied are allocation costs that involve trade-offs in investment of resources to defense versus other plant functions. Decreases in growth or reproductive effort are the costs most often associated with antiherbivore defenses, but trade-offs among different defenses may also occur within a single plant species. We examined trade-offs among defenses in closely related tropical rain forest shrubs (Piper cenocladum, P. imperiale, and P. melanocladum) that possess different combinations of three types of defense: ant mutualists, secondary compounds, and leaf toughness. We also examined the effectiveness of different defenses and suites of defenses against the most abundant generalist and specialist Piper herbivores. For all species examined, leaf toughness was the most effective defense, with the toughest species, P. melanocladum, receiving the lowest incidence of total herbivory, and the least tough species, P. imperiale, receiving the highest incidence. Although variation in toughness within each species was substantial, there were no intraspecific relationships between toughness and herbivory. In other Piper studies, chemical and biotic defenses had strong intraspecific negative correlations with herbivory. A wide variety of defensive mechanisms was quantified in the three Piper species studied, ranging from low concentrations of chemical defenses in P. imperiale to a complex suite of defenses in P. cenocladum that includes ant mutualists, secondary metabolites, and moderate toughness. Ecological costs were evident for the array of defensive mechanisms within these Piper species, and the differences in defensive strategies among species may represent evolutionary trade-offs between costly defenses.

• Publisher: New York : Springer-Verlag,Springer-Verlag,Springer,Springer Nature B.V
• Subject: Agriculture / amides / Animal and plant ecology / Animal, plant and microbial ecology / Animals / Biochemistry / Biological and medical sciences / Biological Microscopy / Biomedical and Life Sciences / chemical defense / Chemical ecology / chemistry / classification / Costa Rica / ecological costs / Ecology / Entomology / Feeding Behavior / Flowers & plants / Forestry / Formicidae / Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology / General aspects / General forest ecology / Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology / Herbivores / Herbivory / imides / Imides - isolation & purification / interspecific variation / Intraspecific relationships / intraspecific variation / isolation & purification / leaf toughness / Leaves / Life Sciences / Metabolites / mutualism / pest resistance / physiology / phytophagous insects / Piper / Piper - chemistry / Piper - classification / Piper - physiology / Piper cenocladum / Piper imperiale / Piper melanocladum / plant damage / plant defense / Plant resistance / Plant species / plant-herbivore interactions / plant-insect relations / Rainforests / resistance mechanisms / Secondary metabolites / Shrubs / species differences / Species Specificity / trade-offs / Trees / Tropical forests / tropical rain forests / Understory