Journal Article

A Medical Ethics Framework for Conversational Artificial Intelligence

Eleonore Fournier-Tombs, Juliette McHardy

2023

Overview

The launch of OpenAI’s GPT-3 model in June 2020 began a new era for conversational chatbots. While there are chatbots that do not use artificial intelligence (AI), conversational chatbots integrate AI language models that allow for back-and-forth conversation between an AI system and a human user. GPT-3, since upgraded to GPT-4, harnesses a natural language processing technique called sentence embedding and allows for conversations with users that are more nuanced and realistic than before. The launch of this model came in the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic, where increases in health care needs globally combined with social distancing measures made virtual medicine more relevant than ever. GPT-3 and other conversational models have been used for a wide variety of medical purposes, from providing basic COVID-19–related guidelines to personalized medical advice and even prescriptions. The line between medical professionals and conversational chatbots is somewhat blurred, notably in hard-to-reach communities where the chatbot replaced face-to-face health care. Considering these blurred lines and the circumstances accelerating the adoption of conversational chatbots globally, we analyze the use of these tools from an ethical perspective. Notably, we map out the many types of risks in the use of conversational chatbots in medicine to the principles of medical ethics. In doing so, we propose a framework for better understanding the effects of these chatbots on both patients and the medical field more broadly, with the hope of informing safe and appropriate future developments.

• Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc,Gunther Eysenbach MD MPH, Associate Professor,JMIR Publications
• Subject: Artificial Intelligence / Artificial intelligence ethics / Chatbots / Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics / Conversation / COVID-19 / Ethics / Ethics, Medical / Health care / Health services / Human rights / Human-computer interaction / Humans / Language / Language modeling / Medical ethics / Medical personnel / Medicine / Natural language processing / Pandemics / Patients / Prescription drugs / Principles / Privacy / Professional ethics / Public aspects of medicine / Public health / QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science / R858-859.7 / RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine / RA1-1270 / Social distancing / Social exclusion / Stereotypes / Telemedicine / Viewpoint