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Spermidine promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and optic nerve regeneration in adult mice following optic nerve injury
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Spermidine promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and optic nerve regeneration in adult mice following optic nerve injury
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Journal Article
Spermidine promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and optic nerve regeneration in adult mice following optic nerve injury
2015
Overview
Spermidine acts as an endogenous free radical scavenger and inhibits the action of reactive oxygen species. In this study, we examined the effects of spermidine on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in a mouse model of optic nerve injury (ONI). Daily ingestion of spermidine reduced RGC death following ONI and sequential
in vivo
retinal imaging revealed that spermidine effectively prevented retinal degeneration. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK1) is an evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase and has an important role in ONI-induced RGC apoptosis. We demonstrated that spermidine suppresses ONI-induced activation of the ASK1-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Moreover, production of chemokines important for microglia recruitment was decreased with spermidine treatment and, consequently, accumulation of retinal microglia is reduced. In addition, the ONI-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the retina was inhibited with spermidine treatment, particularly in microglia. Furthermore, daily spermidine intake enhanced optic nerve regeneration
in vivo.
Our findings indicate that spermidine stimulates neuroprotection as well as neuroregeneration, and may be useful for treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases including glaucoma.
Publisher
Nature Publishing Group UK,Springer Nature B.V,Nature Publishing Group
Subject
/ 13/51
/ 13/95
/ 64/60
/ 96/21
/ Animals
/ Biomedical and Life Sciences
/ Cell Survival - drug effects
/ Mice
/ Nerve Regeneration - drug effects
/ Optic Nerve Injuries - drug therapy
/ Optic Nerve Injuries - pathology
/ Original
/ Retinal Ganglion Cells - drug effects
/ Retinal Ganglion Cells - metabolism
